Most reviews of the research on preference behavior in blacks, including that of Brand, Ruiz, and Padilla, have criticized that body of literature primarily with regard to problems of internal and external validity. However, it is the contention here that a more essential weakness has existed in the investigations of preference behavior in blacks, namely, the failure of researchers to evoke in that population choice responses that depart from chance. A review of the most prominent studies reveals that the predominant pattern of choice behavior among blacks toward white and black stimulus alternatives has conformed to simple chance. The consequent absence of preference in the choice behavior of blacks, and its implications, is discussed.

Canadian university disclosures have been tracked from 1988 to 2000 using the modified accountability disclosure (MAD) index developed by Coy, Dixon, and Tower (1993) and Coy, Tower, and Dixon (1993) in their study of New Zealand universities. During the first eight years of the period under investigation, there was very little change in accountability disclosures. However, for the periods ending in 1997 through 2000, there has been a statistically significant annual improvement. This paper examines the reasons for these changes as indicated in the interviews with the presidents, or their designates, of Canadian universities. Factors include increased fund raising by the universities and pressures by the public and governments for universities to become more accountable, while a change in accounting pronouncements appears to have had little effect.

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