Investigations of the alcohol-related disinhibition of responses to deviant sexual stimuli suggest that the pharmacological actions of ethanol have little influence on the disinhibition process. The mere belief that alcohol is consumed is sufficient to induce increased sexual arousal. Studies with conventional stimuli, however, suggest that interactions occur between the pharmacological presence of ethanol and the psychological expectations of its presence. Thus, this article examines the contribution of pharmacological, cognitive, and environmental variables to perceived sexual arousal. A balanced-placebo design varied drink instruction and drink content independently. Pictures that elicited either a low or moderate level of self-reported sexual arousal were viewed and evaluated by men (n = 64) and women (n = 64) after completing their drinks. The evaluations and arousal measures suggested significant Instruction X Content X Arousal interactions. The strongest perceptions of arousal occurred among individuals who did not know they were drinking alcohol (i.e., subjects who were told that their alcoholic drinks did not contain alcohol). Apparently, when drinkers were unaware of the alcohol intoxication, the pharmacological excitation induced by alcohol transferred to the perception and evaluation of the slides.

Using the '5N(u,y)'9F reaction, the properties of 6 levels between 5.3 and 6.2 MeV in ' 9~ have been studied. In conjunction wlth previously reported restrictions on spins for these levels, measurements of branching ratios, radiative widths, and angular distributions have been used to make the following spin-parity assignments; 5618 keV, 312-; 5938 keV, 112' ; 6070 keV, 712' ; 6088 keV, 312-; 6160 keV, 712-. The properties of these levels and that at 5336 keV have been compared in detail to the various shell model calculations done for I9F. The properties of the third J" = 712' level at 6.07 MeV can be used to clear up some of the confusion caused by the first two J" = 7/2+ levels in 19F and the properties of the J" = 312-levels confirm the fact that the weak coupling model does not explain the negative parity states outside the K = 112-band.On a etudie les proprittts de 6 niveaux du 19F entre 5.3 et 6.2 MeV en utilisant la reaction '5N(a,.1)'9F. En rapport avec les restrictions rapportees anttrieurement sur les spins de ces niveaux, les mesures des rapports de branchement, des largeurs de rayonnement et des distributions angulaires ont t t t utilisees pour en arriver aux attributions suivantes de spin et de parite: 5618 keV, 312-; 5938 keV, 112' ; 6070 keV, 712' ; 6088 keV, 312-; 6160 keV, 712-. Les proprietts de ces niveaux et celles du niveau s i t d B 5336 keV ont t t t comparees en detail aux differents calculs bases sur le modele en couche pour le 19F. Les proprittts du troisieme niveau J n = 7/2+, a 6.07 MeV, peuvent &tre utilisees pour eliminer une certaine confusion causie par les deux premiers niveaux J" = 712' du 19F; les proprittts des niveaux J" = 312-confirment le fait que le modele a couplage faible n'explique pas les ttats de parite negative en dehors de la bande K = 112-.

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An examination has been made of gas desorption from unbaked electrodes of copper, niobium, aluminum, and titanium subjected to high voltage in vacuum. It has been shown that the gas is composed of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, the usual components of vacuum outgassing, plus an increased yield of hydrogen and light hydrocarbons. The gas desorption was driven by anode conditioning as the voltage was increased between the electrodes. The gas is often desorbed as microdischarges-pulses of a few to hundreds of microseconds-and less frequently in a more continuous manner without the obvious pulsed structure characteristic of microdischarge activity. The quantity of gas released was equivalent to many monolayers and consisted mostly of neutral molecules with an ionic component of a few percent. A very significant observation was that the gas desorption was more dependent on the total voltage between the electrodes than on the electric field. It was not triggered by field-emitted electrons but often led to field emission, especially at larger gaps. The study of gas desorption led to some important new observations about the initiation of high-voltage breakdown and the underlying processes of vacuum outgassing. The physical processes that lead to voltage-induced desorption are complex, but there is strong evidence that the microdischarges are the result of an avalanche discharge in a small volume of high-density vapor desorbed from the anode. The source of the vapor may be water or alcohol stored as a fluid in the many small imperfections of a polished metal surface. Microdischarges can then trigger field-emitted electrons which, in turn, heats a small area of the anode. As the temperature of this region of the anode reaches about 500°C, some fraction of the desorption products are ionized positively and accelerated to the cathode, producing secondary electrons with a yield greater than unity per incident ion. The positive ions appear to originate from the bulk of the metal rather than from surface ionization and the yield increases exponentially with temperature, rapidly producing a runaway condition, i.e., electrical breakdown. These observations support a new perspective on vacuum-high-voltage insulation and produce new insight into vacuum outgassing of metals.

Vacuum high-voltage insulation has been investigated for many years. Typically, electrical breakdown occurs between two broad-area electrodes at electric fields 100–1000 times lower than the breakdown field (about 5000 MV/m) between a well-prepared point cathode and a broad-area anode. Explanations of the large differences remain unsatisfactory, usually evoking field emission from small projections on the cathode that are subject to higher peak fields. The field emission then produces secondary effects that lead to breakdown. This article provides a significant resolution to this long standing problem. Field emission is not present at all fields, but typically starts after some process occurs at the cathode surface. Three effects have been identified that produce the transition to field emission: work function changes; mechanical changes produced by the strong electrical forces on the electrode surfaces; and gas desorption from the anode with sufficient density to support an avalanche discharge. Material adsorbed on the cathode surface increases the work function of the metal, leading to a much higher threshold for field emission and higher breakdown fields. Localized regions of lower work function can be produced on the cathode by the transfer of microparticles from the anode and by stripping small areas of the cathode. The regions of low work function then serve as the source of enhanced field emission, leading to secondary effects which produce breakdown. Gas desorption is produced at an unconditioned anode as the voltage is increased. None of these effects are significant for a point cathode opposite a broad-area anode, but account for much of the large difference between microscopic and macroscopic breakdown fields. Careful surface preparation of electrodes increases the work function and reduces the number of weakly bound microparticles. Experiments designed to optimize these two different effects have led to electric fields as high as 90 MV/m at a 1 mm gap and 50 MV/m at a 4 mm gap, with no measurable field emission with plane-parallel electrodes made from copper, aluminum, titanium, and niobium. These fields, with no field emission or sparks during the conditioning phase, are comparable to the highest fields ever reached between plane-parallel electrodes of the same gap by any traditional conditioning method. The experimental results have been applied to operation of the electrostatic deflector of the Chalk River superconducting cyclotron. It has been used reliably for thousands of hours at fields up to 15 MV/m at a 5 mm gap, usually with no field emission. Experiments have also demonstrated that there is little enhancement in field emission at gaps up to 4 mm and that the only total-voltage effect for these gaps is from reduced thermal stability of the anode as the power density from the electrons increases with increasing voltage.