New World frogs recently placed in a single, enormous family (Brachycephalidae) have direct development and reproduce on land, often far away from water. DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes of 344 species were analyzed to estimate their relationships. The molecular phylogeny in turn was used as the basis for a revised classification of the group. The 882 described species are placed in a new taxon, Terrarana, and allocated to four families, four subfamilies, 24 genera, 11 subgenera, 33 species series, 56 species groups, and 11 species subgroups. Systematic accounts are provided for all taxa above the species level. Two families (Craugastoridae and Strabomantidae), three subfamilies (Holoadeninae, Phyzelaphryninae, and Strabomantinae), six genera (Bryophryne, Diasporus, Haddadus, Isodactylus, Lynchius, and Psychrophrynella), and two subgenera (Campbellius and Schwartzius) are proposed and named as new taxa, 13 subspecies are considered to be distinct species, and 613 new combinations are formed. Most of the 100 informal groups (species series, species groups, and species subgroups) are new or newly defined. Brachycephalus and Ischnocnema are placed in Brachycephalidae, a relatively small clade restricted primarily to southeastern Brazil. Eleutherodactylidae includes two subfamilies, four genera, and five subgenera and is centered in the Caribbean region. Craugastoridae contains two genera and three subgenera and is distributed mainly in Middle America. Strabomantidae is distributed primarily in the Andes of northwestern South America and includes two subfamilies, 16 genera, and three subgenera. Images and distribution maps are presented for taxa above the species level and a complete list of species is provided. Aspects of the evolution, biogeography, and conservation of Terrarana are discussed.

Trivial name, original generic name, author, and date Present name cotzicensis (Plectrohyla) Stuart, 1948 Plectrolujla glandulosa crassus (Cauphias) Brocchi, 1877. Hyla crassa crepitans (Hyla) Wied, 1824 Hyla crepitans crepitans (Acris) Baird, 1854 Acris crepitans culex (Hyla) Dunn and Emlen, 1932Hyla staufferi staufferi cnrta ( Hyla ) Cope, 1866 _... Hyla regilla curta cyanosticta (Hyla phaeota) Smith, 1953 ._.. Smilisca cyanosticta cyclomaculata (Hyla) Taylor, 1949 Hyla taeniopus dacnicolor (Phyllomedusa) Cope, 1864 Pachymediisa dacnicolor dalqnesti (Hyla) Taylor, 1949 Hyla taeniopus darlingi ( Hyla ) Smith, Smith, and Werler, 1952 Hyla miotympanum daulinia (Hyla) Cope, 1865 Smilisca baudinii debilis (Hyla) Taylor, 1952 Hyla debilis dendroscarta (Hyla) Taylor, 1940 Hyla dendroscarta dentata (Pternohyla) Smith, 1957 Pternohyla dentata deserticola ( Hyla regilla ) Jameson, et al., 1966 Hyla regilla hypochondriaca digueti (Hyliola) Mocquard, 1899 Hyla are tricolor dolomedes (Hyla baudinii) Barbour, 1923 MONOGRAPH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY TARLE I-(Concluded) NO. 1Trivial name, original generic name, author, and date Present name spinipollex (Hyla) Schmidt, 1936 Ptychohyla spinipollex spinosa (Hyla) Steindachner, 1864-. Anotheca spinosa splendens (Hyla) Schmidt, 1857 nomen dubium spurrelli (Agalychnis) Roulenger, 1913 Agalychnis spurrelli stadelmani ( Hyla ) Schmidt, 1936 Hyla loquax staufferi (Hyla) Cope, 1865 Hylastaufferistaufferi subocularis (Hyla) Dunn, 1934 Hyla subocuhris 1970 DUELLMAN: HYLID FROGS 23 E. Axillary membrane. F. Thoracic fold. G and H.Rostral keel. I. Fleshy proboscis on Hemiphractus panamensis. J. Supraocular fleshy "horn" on Gastrotheca ceratophrys.

A phylogenetic analysis of sequences from 503 species of hylid frogs and four outgroup taxa resulted in 16,128 aligned sites of 19 genes. The molecular data were subjected to a maximum likelihood analysis that resulted in a new phylogenetic tree of treefrogs. A conservative new classification based on the tree has (1) three families composing an unranked taxon, Arboranae, (2) nine subfamilies (five resurrected, one new), and (3) six resurrected generic names and five new generic names. Using the results of a maximum likelihood timetree, times of divergence were determined. For the most part these times of divergence correlated well with historical geologic events. The arboranan frogs originated in South America in the Late Mesozoic or Early Cenozoic. The family Pelodryadidae diverged from its South American relative, Phyllomedusidae, in the Eocene and invaded Australia via Antarctica. There were two dispersals from South America to North America in the Paleogene. One lineage was the ancestral stock of Acris and its relatives, whereas the other lineage, subfamily Hylinae, differentiated into a myriad of genera in Middle America.

Clave de las Especies 58 Accounts of Species Eleutherodactylus achatinus (Boulenger) Eleuthewdactylus actites Lynch 66 Eleutherodactylus anatipes Lynch and Myers Eleutherodactylus anonudus (Boulenger) 69 Eleutherodactylus apiculatus Lynch and Burrowes 70 Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus (Werner) Eleutherodactylus babax Lynch Eleutherodactylus cajamarcensis Barbour and Noble Eleutherodactylus calcarulatus Lynch 74 Eleutherodactylus caprifer Lynch = Eleutherodactylus celator Lynch Eleutherodactylus cerastes Lynch Eleutherodactylus chalceus (Peters) Eleutherodactylus colomai new species Eleutherodactylus crenungiiis Lynch Eleutherodactylus crucifer (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus degener new species Eleutherodactylus dissimulatus new species Eleutherodactylus duelhnani Lynch Eleutherodactylus eremitus Lynch Eleutherodactylus eugeniae new species , Eleutherodactylus floridus new species Eleutherodactylus gentryi new species Eleutherodactylus gularis (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus hamiotae Flores Eleutherodactylus hectus Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus helonotus (Lynch) Eleutherodactylus illotus new species Eleutherodactylus lahiosus Lynch, Rui'z, and Ardila Eleutherodactylus laticlavius Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus latidiscus (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus leoni Lynch 1 Eleuthewdactyliis longirostris (Boulenger) 1 Eleutherodactylus loustes Lynch 12 Eleuthewdactylus luteolatemlis Lynch Eleutherodaciylus lyinani Barbour and Noble 14 Eleuthewdactylus muricatus Lynch and Miyata Eleutherodactylus necerus Lynch Eleutherodactylus nyctophylax Lynch Eleutherodactylus ocellatus Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus ornatissimus (Despax) Eleutherodactylus parvillus Lynch Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus Lynch Eleutherodactylus pteridophilus new species Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus Lynch Eleutherodactylus quincpiagesimus Lynch and Trueb Eleutherodactylus rosadoi Flores Eleutherodactylus ruidus Lynch Eleutherodactylus scolodiscus Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus simonbolivari Wiens and Coloma Eleutherodactylus siopelus Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus sobetes Lynch Eleutherodactylus subsigillatus (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus sulculus Lynch and Burrowes Eleutherodactylus surdus (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus taeniatus (Boulenger) Eleutherodactylus teuebrionis Lynch and Miyata Eleutherodactylus thymalopsoides Lynch Eleutherodactylus truebae new species Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus (Giinther)Eleutherodactylus verecundus Lynch and BurrowesEleutherodactylus vertebralis (Boulenger)Eleutherodact\'lus w -nigrum (Boettger)