Characteristics of efficient (high turnover) and effective (low return rate) psychiatric units were examined. Nursing staff and patients tended to attribute negative characteristics to efficient units. Effective programs, on the other hand, were characterized as having motivated professional staff and active participant roles for both nursing staff and patients.

Compared a suicide-completion group to a psychiatric control sample on the 13 traditional MMPI scales, three experimental item pools, and eight profile patterns earlier described as indicative of suicidal tendencies ( N = 84). Also compared the frequencies with which the groups endorsed each of the 566 MMPI items. The number of resulting significant differences was less than chance. The results argue against the use of the MMPI to predict suicide at this time.

PROBLEMThis paper reports on the last in a series of four projects in which the authors have attempted to assess the abilities of short intelligence tests to predict WAIS I&. The purpose of this series was to develop data on comparable samples from the same institution that could be used t o help clinicians determine which of the many short intelligence tests available are the most effective and efficient WAIS surrogates. Reports of the first three papers in this series-evaluations of particularly common short I& tests(5', group ability tests@), and nonverbal tests(7' have been published and will be discussed later in this paper.The purpose of the project described here was to compare the WAIS-predicting abilities of four relatively common verbal intelligence tests-the Henmon-Nelson Tests of Mental Ability (Form A, Grades 9-12) ( 3 ) , Cardall-Miles Mental Alertness (2), Slosson Intelligence ( 4 ) , and Quick ( l ) tests-to one another. METHODThe WAIS and the four tests mentioned above were administered to 120 new admissions/readmissions to the St. Cloud Veterans Administration Hospital. Prior to data collection the patients' clinical files were examined to eliminate individuals who might have taken any of the five tests within the preceding 6 months. The Ss were 120 (119 male, 1 female) volunteers under 60. The staff diagnoses of the Ss were Schizophrenia (34 cases), Alcohol Addiction (24), Personality Disorder (16), Anxiety Neurosis (13), Depressive Neurosis (1 1) , Drug Dependency and Manic Depressive Psychosis (4 each), Organic Brain Syndrome, Psychophysiological Disorder, and Adjustment Reaction to Adult Life (2 each), and Obsessive Compulsive Neurosis, Involutional Melancholia, and Psychotic Depressive Reaction (1 each). Five Ss left the hospital before they had been assigned a staff diagnosis. The mean age, education, total length of psychiatric hospitalization, and WAIS Full Scale I& of the sample were 38.7 years (SD = l2.0), 10.7 years (SD = 2.5), 9.8 months (SD = 21.6) and 99.2 (SD = 12.2). The administration order of the tests was counterbalanced in an effort to neutralizr practice and fatigue effects. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCorrelations between the various short intelligence test scores and WAIS measures are presented in Table 1.Henmon-Nelson. As a preliminary step thch relationship between HenmonNelson raw scores and Full Scale scale scores was evaluated for curvilinearity. The resulting F was 3 3 (df = 7, l l l ) , which was nonsignificant. Therefore Pearson r was used to study the Henmon-Nelson vs. WAIS relationships. As the Table indicates, the Henmon-Nelson us. WAIS correlations were very satisfactory and indicate that the test can be used as a basis for estimating WAIS scores. However, the Henmon-Nelson I& score underestimated WAIS Full Scale IQ in our study by 15 points (mean WAlS I& = 99.2; mean Henmon-Nelson I& = 84.4). The variabilities of the samplc on the two tests were very similar (SD = 12.2 for WAIS Full Scale I& and 13.2 for Henmon-Nelson IQ), Thus persons who desire to use the ~ 'The a...

PROBLEM Time limitations usually prohibit the routine use of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) as an I& measure in most psychiatric settings, and it in large part has given way to shorter group intelligence tests such as the Shipley-Hartford, the Army General Classification Test (AGCT) and the Revised Beta Examination. Previous research has indicated that each of these measures is capable of serving as a basis for WAIS I& estimates. Shipley-Wechsler r's ranging from .68 to 4-8* 10. 12) have been reported. Tamminen@) has reported an AGCT-WAIS r of .83 while Kellogg, Morton, Lindner and Gurvitz (a) and Woods and Myers(11) reported Beta-WAIS r's of .92 and .75 respectively.Although these studies presumably justify the use of Beta-, AGCT-, and Shipley-based measures as WAIS surrogates, they do not help the clinician decide which substitute to employ. Since the r's are based on a variety of groups, it is not appropriate to base such a decision on a simple comparison of the correlations' magnitudes. Furthermore, several of the above studies failed to consider the possibilities of (a) systematic differences between the means of the group test estimates and WAIS IQ's and/or (b) differences in the variabilities of the measures, which could result in sizeable systematic errors among relatively bright and relatively dull individuals. Moreover, several of the aforementioned studies are based on non-random samples (e.g., that minority of patients whose fdes happen to include both group and WAIS I& scores), and the generalizability of their findings is therefore questionable.This study compares the efficacies of three commonly used group tests (the Shipley-Hartford, the AGCT and the Revised Beta) as predictors of WAIS I& in a neuropsychiatric hospital setting. PROCEDUREThe WAIS, Revised Beta, AGCT and Shipley -Hartford were administered to 96 new admissions or readmissions to the St. Cloud Veterans Administration Hospital. The patients' clinical files were carefully examined prior to subject selection to eliminate Ss who might have taken any of the four tests within the preceding six months, either at the St. Cloud Hospital or in other settings. All Ss were males under 60. The mean age and education of the sample were 39.3 (SD = 10.7) and 10.7 (SD = 2.7) years respectively. The administration order of the tests was counterbalanced so that four Ss took the tests in each of the 24 possible order permutations.Neither the Shipley nor the AGCT manual provides tables for conversion of raw scores into IQs. However, the AGCT manual provides tables for converting raw totals into standard scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 20.These were used as I& surrogates. Shipley-based IQ estimates have been developed by Sines (5)) who provided tables for the conversion of total raw scores into WechslerBellevue Full Scale weighted score equivalents which are then converted to I Q s by use of the Bellevue manual. Sines provides separate norms for Mental Health Clinic and VA Hospital patients; the latter were employed in th...

Systematic study of Rado's idea that anhedonia plays a central role in the development of schizophrenia has lagged for want of a suitable operational definition. Therefore, seven measures appearing to reflect anhedonia were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. The resulting varimax factors were named: Apathy vs Cheerfulness, defined by Psychotic Inpatient Profile and Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation items, Gurel's Goalless Apathy Scale and a Fun-seeking rating; and Apathy vs Energy, defined by Goalless Apathy, the Elgin Interests Scale, Fun-seeking, and a specially constructed MMPI scale. It is suggested that anhedonia might best be considered as a multivariate dimension but that, where a single definition is desired, the scales defining the second factor may be the most appropriate.