ment Program (NSQIP) provides riskadjusted outcome measures for participating hospitals to use for performance improvement. This article summarizes its history and reports the two projects on postoperative respiratory complications-intubation >48 and pneumonia. It also explains the benefit of a severalhospital collaborative and describes development of a "playbook."

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A safe asset is of high credit quality, retains its value in difficult times, and is traded in liquid markets. We show that bonds issued by the European Union (EU) are widely considered to be of high credit quality, and that their yield spread over German Bunds remained contained during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic recession. Recent issuances and taps under the EU’s SURE and NGEU initiatives helped improve EU bonds’ market liquidity from previously low levels, while also reducing liquidity risk premia. Eurosystem purchases and holdings of EU bonds did not impair market liquidity. Currently, an obstacle to EU bonds achieving a genuine euro-denominated safe asset status, approaching that of Bunds, lies in the one-off, time-limited nature of the EU’s COVID-19-related policy responses.

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