Ensuring adequate pavement cross-slope on highways can improve driver safety by reducing the potential for ponding to occur or vehicles to hydroplane. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems provide a rapid, continuous, and cost-effective means of collecting accurate 3D coordinate data along a corridor in the form of a point cloud. This study provides an evaluation of MLS systems in terms of the accuracy and precision of collected cross-slope data and documentation of procedures needed to calibrate, collect, and process this data. Mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were collected by five different vendors on three roadway sections. The results indicate the difference between ground control adjusted and unadjusted LiDAR derived cross-slopes, and field surveying measurements less than 0.19% at a 95% confidence level. The unadjusted LiDAR data incorporated corrections from an integrated inertial measurement unit and high-accuracy real-time kinematic GPS, however it was not post-processed adjusted with ground control points. This level of accuracy meets suggested cross-slope accuracies for mobile measurements (±0.2%) and demonstrates that mobile LiDAR is a reliable method for cross-slope verification. Performing cross-slope verification can ensure existing pavement meets minimum cross-slope requirements, and conversely is useful in identifying roadway sections that do not meet minimum standards, which is more desirable than through crash reconnaissance where hydroplaning was evident. Adoption of MLS would enable the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) to address cross-slope issues through efficient and accurate data collection methods.

Abstract. A norm, || ||, on a Banach space E is said to be locally uniformly convex if HjcJI ->||.x|| and \\xn + x\\ -» 2||x\\ implies that x" -» x in norm. It is shown that a Banach lattice has an (order) equivalent locally uniformly convex norm if and only if the lattice is order continuous. This result is used to reduce convergence theorems for (lattice-valued) positive martingales and submartingales to the scalar case.0. Introduction. A norm, || ||, on a Banach space E is said to have the Kadec-Klee property (sometimes property (H)) if whenever xn -» x weakly and \\xn\\ -> ||jc||, then xn -* x strongly. The aim of this paper is to show that if E has an equivalent Kadec-Klee norm then one may obtain convergence theorems for 7s-valued random processes (Xn) whenever \\Xn\\ is a well-known real-valued convergent process and whenever the limit can be identified in the Banach space. For instance, the classical Kadec renorming theorem for separable Banach spaces gives the convergence of vector-valued martingales, uniform amarts and additive processes (ergodic theorem) since their norms are real-valued submartingales, amarts and subadditive processes respectively while the identification of the limit requires the RadonNikodym property on the space for the first two processes, the limit of the third process exists in any Banach space.If now, we consider positive submartingales and subadditive processes valued in a Banach lattice, one needs that the equivalent Kadec-Klee norm be also a lattice norm in order to conclude that the norms of these processes are real-valued submartingales and subadditive processes respectively. §1 deals with the existence of such a lattice renorming while in §11 we show how this leads to a unified approach for proving the almost sure convergence of the processes mentioned above.1. Renorming order continuous lattices. A norm, || ||, on a Banach space E is said to be locally uniformly convex if ||xn|| -> ||x|| and \\x + jcJ|-*2||x|| imply that xn -» x strongly. This notion is clearly stronger than the Kadec-Klee property.

Background-This comparative case study investigates 2 successful community trail initiatives, using the Active Living By Design (ALBD) Community Action Model as an analytical framework. The model includes 5 strategies: preparation, promotion, programs, policy, and physical projects.

Greenways are built environment facilities that show promise for recreational and transportation-related physical activity (PA). Combining objective direct observation methodology and individual intercept surveys, this study examined 1) differences in the mode of PA across three urban greenways, 2) associations between mode of PA and demographic characteristics across three urban greenways, and 3) variations in greenway user motivation and features by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education level. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities was used to measure the frequency and PA mode and user demographic characteristics in Charleston, South Carolina (N = 3681). Concurrently, brief intercept surveys captured more in-depth information on greenway use, motivations, and importance of greenway features (n = 148). Logistic regression was used to examine demographic differences in PA mode across greenways. Linear regression was used to examine demographic differences in motivations and features for greenway use. A majority of greenway users were adults (84.3%), male (54.3%), and White (82.2%). Significantly higher biking levels compared with walking/running were observed in two of the three greenways. Males were more likely than females to bike than walk/run (odds ratio = 4.01, 95% confidence interval = 3.39–4.74). Racial/ethnic minority greenway users were significantly less likely to bike than walk/run (odds ratio = 0.41, 95% confidence interval = 0.33–0.52). Females rated “safety and security” and “natural scenery” higher than males, whereas racial/ethnic minority greenway users rated “getting to and from place” higher than White greenway users. This study provides important insight into variations in greenway-based PA and motivations for using these community features. Results suggest significant differences in types of activities and motivations by gender and race/ethnicity, which is critical information for current maintenance of greenways as well as potential improvements to better attract and appeal to diverse populations.

A simpler and cheaper device than that described in the referenced article.