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ecently, there has been an mcreased interest in studying the drive characteristics of anxiety in humans Most of the studies have been within the framework of stimulus-response theory, but there has been a difference in emphasis upon the mtermediate variables accounting for the increment or decrement m leaming produced by the arousal of anxiety Child (I) refers to one group as the Iowa studies and the other as the Mandler and Sarason studies Both positions recognize the importance of anxiety as a drive and as a stimulus, but the research of the Iowa group tends to emphasize the drive charactenstics of anxiety while that of Mandler and Sarason emphasizes the stimulus properties of anxiety The large number of articles which have a|^ared since this summary by Child is indicative of the continued mterest in this areaThe essence of the Iowa position is that anxiety adds to the total drive present and increases the reaction potential of all responses bemg evoked in the situation Reaction potential is a multiplicative function of habit strength and drive An mcrease in drive would result in a relatively greater augmentation of reaction potential for those responses with strong habit strengths than for those which are weaker Where incorrect tendencies are strong-and numerous m comparison with correct, as m a complex verbal learning situation, anxious subjects mig^t show a relative decrement in performance as compared with non-anxious 5's In a situation where few and weak incorrect tendencies are elicited by the task, as m the usual eyelid conditioning task, anxious S's might show comparatively superior performance (T) * This article is based on a dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, m partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Ph D degree.

The work presented here was undertaken primarily for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of alcohol in moderate quantities on the water and salt balance in man. It is a commonly observed fact that alcohol in man produces a diuresis and MacNider and Donnelly (1) have shown this to be the case in dogs. It is likewise well known that thirst is a prominent symptom during the recovery phase of acute alcoholism. No balance studies have been made of this condition, and it was thought that data could be collected which would explain some of the features observed.Alterations in the acid-base balance after the ingestion of alcohol was first shown by Thomas (2) in 1898, who reported that the carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of the blood was diminished. Himwich and coworkers (3) in 1933, made observations on the acid-base balance in dogs and in man after feeding alcohol. Their studies were made over short periods of time, and no attempt was made to study the electrolyte balance; however, they observed no change in the total base or chlorides of the serum. They found that there was a reduction in the carbon dioxide content and carbon dioxide capacity of the blood which was accompanied by a fall in the blood pH. There was also an increase in the blood lactic acid and sugar. It was their belief that the increase in lactic acid was brought about by the conversion of muscle glycogen to lactic acid by the action of alcohol. Futer and coworkers (4) in short experiments on dogs noted a fall in the carbon dioxide capacity, an increase in the blood sugar, and an increase in the blood potassium content. Gojcher and coworkers (5) reported the same findings in chronic alcoholism in man, but made no attempt to study the excretion of the electrolytes.Wakai (6) using rabbits, was able to show that the serum protein concentration was decreased and was accompanied by a decrease in the serum and blood viscosity after the feeding of alcohol. Levin (7) has shown that in man the ingestion of alcohol caused an increase in blood volume in certain instances. EXPERIMENTAL Healthy, young, adult male volunteers were used in the experiments. They were allowed to carry on their usual routine as students. A constant diet, which was prepared by the same individual throughout each experiment, was given. Two duplicate samples of the diet were analyzed for the potassium, sodium, chloride, water, and nitrogen content. The time at which fluid was taken and the amount were constant for each day throughout the experiment. A weighed amount of sodium chloride was supplied to the subject for use on his food for the day, and all food was consumed.In order to determine the changes that might occur in periods shorter than 24 hours, the day was divided into three 8-hour periods. The urine was collected for each of the 8-hour periods, toluene added as a preservative, and the specimens were kept in the ice box until used. The stools were collected for 24-hour periods. The blood samples were collected anaerobically, heparin being used as the anticoagu...

From previous studies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) it now seems clear that one of the most striking changes found in the urine after the injection of parathyroid extract is the immediate increase in the absolute amount and in the concentration cf inorganic phosphate. Goadby and Stacey (6) have also emphasized the increased excretion of phosphate after the administration of parathyroid extract. In agreement with our experience, these observers did not find at any time an increase in the level of inorganic phosphorus in the plasma, but occasionally noted a fall of that level after the excretion of increased amounts of inorganic phosphate in the urine.They were unable to prevent the rise in excretion of urinary phosphorus by lowering the level of inorganic phosphate in the plasma with glucose administered at the time of the parathormone injection. The work of Goadby and Stacey, together with ours, serves to direct attention to the behavior of the kidneys in response to parathyroid extract.In 1934, while studying the phosphate excretion by the kidney, one of us (5) observed that, when urine specimens were taken hourly before and after the administration of parathyroid extract, the pH showed a tendency to shift definitely to the alkaline side during the first hours after the extract was given. In order to examine this effect further it seemed advisable, although the bicarbonate of urine may be roughly estimated from the pH, to determine accurately the bicarbonate content of the urine before and after giving parathyroid extract and to compare the magnitude of any change found with that of the inorganic phosphate.At the same time estimations of pH, sodium, 1 This work was aided by a grant from the council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. potassium, ammonium, phosphate, and chloride ions were made. As previous estimations have shown no significant alteration in urinary calcium, in experiments of the duration of the present ones, urinary calcium determinations were not done. EXPERIMENTALThe subjects of the experiment were four male patients; three (G., S., K.) were convalescent from respiratory infections and ready for discharge from the hospital, the fourth, M., was a patient who had been operated upon for hyperthyroidism and who had developed hypoparathyroidism after operation. All patients were fasted and kept in bed for 12 hours before and throughout the duration of the experiment. Each patient was given 100 cc. of water by mouth each hour. Urine specimens in the three convalescent subjects were collected under oil, those of M. were not. The specimens were collected hourly for three hours before and four hours after the intravenous injection of 4 cc. of parathyroid extract (Lilly).The analyses were made by standard methods as follows: pH by the quinhydrone electrode (13)

A number of papers during the past few years, particularly those of Stewart and Rogoff (1), of Marine and Baumann (2), and of Loeb and his coworkers (3), have shown clearly the close relations which exist between the suprarenal glands and the metabolism of salt and water. The recent studies of Loeb are of fundamental interest since they provide for the first time a rational explanation of the mechanism of suprarenal insufficiency, which this author suggests may be due to a primary loss of sodium through the kidney.The results which follow total ablation of the suprarenal glands in the dog have been confirmed by studies on the effects of withdrawal of injections of the cortical hormone from the suprarenalectomized dog which had been previously maintained with healed wounds in a normal state of health and nutrition (4). Following the withdrawal of the hormone injections it has been shown that there is an increased urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and of water, relative to the intake, which is presently reflected in a fall in the concentration of * We acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Oliver Kamm, of Parke, Davis and Co., who has generously supplied us for the past 4 years with the beef suprarenal glands from which we prepare our cortical extract.This investigation was aided in part by a grant from the Bingham Fund. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Mary Buell in supervising the chemical procedures involved in the manufacture of the cortical extract and in the selection and setting up of analytical methods used in the studies herein reported.A preliminary report of portions of this work has been published (Tr. Assn. Am. Physn., 1934, 49, 153). 839on May 9, 2018 jem.rupress.org Downloaded from