No abstract

No abstract

This paper focuses on reforming dodecane and hydroprocessed renewable diesel to hydrogen rich gas in a non-thermal gliding-arc plasma stabilized in a reverse vortex flow reformer. The liquid fuels were directly injected into the reaction chamber using an ultrasonic nozzle and entrained in the reverse vortex flow before passing through the plasma. Initial parametric tests were used to investigate the individual effects of varying power input, steam to carbon ratio, and equivalence ratio on reformer performance. Subsequent factorial tests varied these parameters to identify optimal specific energy requirements. Optimal reforming conditions for dodecane, a model diesel compound, resulted in specific energy requirements of 134.1 ± 1.1 kJ mol -1 H 2 produced, a H 2 yield of 65.0 ± 0.02%, and an efficiency of 37.0 ± 0.02%. Optimal conditions for hydroprocessed renewable diesel resulted in a specific energy requirement of 176.1 ± 3.8 kJ mol -1 H 2 produced, a H 2 yield of 64.2 ± 1.7%, and an efficiency of 35.0 ± 1.0% at 95% confidence intervals. Physical operating boundaries due to arc extinction were identified. KeywordsNon-thermal plasma, gliding arc reformer, reverse vortex flow reformer, dodecane, hydroprocessed renewable diesel, HRD-76, hydrogen production 1.Recently, the alternative energy sector has experienced rapid growth because of increasing pressure from climate change awareness, rising fuel costs, and a need for domestic energy security [1,2]. New technologies have focused on producing energy that is accessible, environmental friendly, sustainable, secure, and can meet current and future projected energy needs [3]. Hydrogen is expected to play a large role in the energy economy of the future as it can be utilized in fuel cell applications, and in the synthesis of alternative fuels [1,3,4]. This paper explores the use of a non-thermal reverse vortex flow (RVF) gliding-arc reformer for liquid fuels. Tests were conducted using dodecane as a model diesel compound and hydroprocessed renewable diesel fuel. Parametric tests determined the effects of various system parameters, while factorial tests were utilized for system optimization. Current fuel reforming technologies© 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the Elsevier user licenseHydrogen is expected to be a prominent fuel in the future [1,3,4]. However current production methods are expensive, require complex and large machinery or costly catalysts, and require an expensive distribution infrastructure [1,3,5]. Steam, partial oxidation, and autothermal reforming constitute the major reforming technologies [2,3]. Hydrogen production via steam reforming of natural gas utilizes roughly one third of the fuel to support the parasitic energy requirement of the process. Ultimately this leads to an specific energy requirement (SER) of 325 to 354 kJ mol -1 of hydrogen produced [6,7].Since the late 90's, interest in plasma reforming has grown [8]. Plasma reformers can operate in thermal equilibrium or non-thermal equilibrium. Thermal plasma reformers ope...

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. NAWC, NAWCWD REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTNew polymer supercapacitors were constructed from novel hybrid poly(triarylamines) with organic electrolytes. The new polymers contain benzyl or nitro functionalized aromatic side groups. In addition to the anilino segments, the polymer backbone contains either furanyl or thiophenyl linkages. These electronic and structural varieties provide polymers with a range of oxidation potentials. The nitro-furane derivative exhibits the highest oxidation potential and supercapacitors constructed with anodes of this polymer and organic electrolytes provide 20% more power and energy than the polythiophene derivatives studied previously. These results indicate that the supercapacitor performance can be significantly altered by varying pendent substituents and the polymer backbone Executive SummaryPower supplies for the electronic fuses considered in the next generation of medium caliber munitions (20 -60 mm) are primarily lithium-based chemical batteries. Lithium batteries are most commonly constructed from metallic lithium as the anode, thionyl chloride as the electrolyte, and a transition metal oxide or chalcogenide as the cathode. All three components are environmentally unacceptable and alternatives currently being used, such as sulfuryl chloride electrolytes, are equally harmful. Specifically, lithium metal reacts violently with water, causing burns and releasing hydrogen, which can ignite. Thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride are extremely caustic and decompose to yield hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas. The cathode materials often contain toxic cobalt. Repeated discharging of munitions containing lithium batteries will lead to long-term environmental problems and expensive clean up cost.Alternatives to the lithium batteries must fit within the physical constraints of the medium caliber munitions, approximately a cylinder of 18 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm in height, and still provide comparable power and energy outputs. For the energy and power ...

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subiect to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYYI 16 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)University of Hawaii 2530 Dole Street, Sakamaki D200 Honolulu, HI 96822 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Office of Naval Research Regional Office Seattle-N63374 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 350 Seattle WA 98105-4631 SPONSOR/MONITORS ACRONYM(S) ONR SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis report covers efforts by the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) of the University of Hawaii under the ONR-funded HEET Initiative that addresses critical technology needs for exploration/utilization of seabed methane hydrates, development/testing of advanced fuel cells and fuel cell systems, an expanded effort on fuel processing and purification, and a new task addressing testing and evaluation of alternate energy sources, with initial activities in testing of heat exchangers for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), grid storage, and photovoltaics. In addition to work involving fuel cell testing, HNEI also participated in fuel cell development activities, including efforts in support of biocarbon fuel cells and the development of enzymatic bio-fuel cells.