Four new bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10-based cryptands with different third bridges were prepared. Their complexes with paraquat derivatives were studied by proton NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray analysis. It was found that these cryptands bind paraquat derivatives very strongly. Specifically, a diester cryptand with a pyridyl nitrogen atom located at a site occupied by either water or a PF(6) anion in analogous complexes exhibited the highest association constant K(a) = 5.0 x 10(6) M(-1) in acetone with paraquat, 9000 times greater than the crown ether system. X-ray structures of this and analogous complexes demonstrate that improved complexation with this host is a consequence of preorganization, adequate ring size for occupation by the guest, and the proper location of the pyridyl N-atom for binding to the beta-pyridinium hydrogens of the paraquat guests. This readily accessible cryptand is one of the most powerful hosts reported for paraquats.
Several types of additives that contain transition
metals can promote the cross-linking of
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by a mechanism that apparently involves
reductive coupling of the polymer
chains. In solid PVC, the cross-linking occurs at 200 °C, and
model-compound experiments show that it
can be ascribed to the preferential reductive coupling of allylic
chloride structures when the coupling
agent is Cu(0). However, the concurrent coupling of other
chloride moieties has not been entirely ruled
out. The evidence for reductive coupling consists of rapid gel
formation accompanied by substantial
reductions (or minor changes) in the rates of total mass loss (as
determined by thermogravimetric analysis),
CC formation (as observed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy), and
HCl evolution (as determined
by acid−base titrimetry). Additives that promote the coupling
process are sources of a zero- or low-valent metal upon pyrolysis. These additives include a number of
transition-metal carbonyls, divalent
formates or oxalates of the late transition metals, simple Cu(I)
halides, and various complexes of Cu(I)
containing phosphites or other ligands. Since the reductive
coupling agents tend to have low acidities,
they are not expected to promote the cationic cracking of char.
Thus they are potentially attractive as
replacements for the PVC smoke suppressants that stimulate
cross-linking by acting as Lewis acids.
A new cryptand, bis(1,3,5-phenylene)tri(1,4,7,10-tetraoxadecyl) (3a), has been synthesized in good yield from bis(5-hydroxy-1,3-phenylene)-26-crown-8 (2a) and tri(ethylene glycol) ditosylate using pseudo-high dilution conditions. 3a forms a strong 1:1 complex with paraquat (1) in acetone solution with a high apparent association constant, 1.4 x 10(4) M(-)(1). A stoichiometry of 1:1 was also observed by mass spectrometry in the gaseous state. However, in the solid state, as determined by X-ray crystallography, the two complexes of 3a and the previously reported homologous cryptand, bis(1,3,5-phenylene)tri(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecyl) (3b), with paraquat (1) have 2:1 stoichiometry. A unique feature of these trimolecular pseudorotaxane-like complexes is that the guest occupies parts of the cavities of two cryptand molecules. For the first time it was found that in cryptand-based complexes, different stoichiometries are possible for the same host-guest pair.
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