Landscape dynamics result from forestry and farming practices, both of which are expected to have diverse impacts on ecosystem services (ES). In this study, we investigated this general statement for regulating and supporting services via an assessment of ecosystem functions: climate regulation via carbon sequestration in soil and plant biomass, water cycle and soil erosion regulation via water infiltration in soil, and support for primary production via soil chemical quality and water storage. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of land-cover composition and structure significantly alter ES metrics at two different scales. We surveyed 54 farms in two Amazonian regions of Brazil and Colombia and assessed land-cover composition and structure from remote sensing data (farm scale) from 1990 to 2007. Simple and well-established methods were used to characterize soil and vegetation from five points in each farm (plot scale). Most ES metrics were significantly correlated with land-use (plot scale) and land-cover (farm scale) classifications; however, spatial variability in inherent soil properties, alone or in interaction with land-use or land-cover changes, contributed greatly to variability in ES metrics. Carbon stock in above-ground plant biomass and water infiltration rate decreased from forest to pasture land covers, whereas soil chemical quality and plant-available water storage capacity increased. Land-cover classifications based on structure metrics explained significantly less ES metric variation than those based on composition metrics. Land-cover composition dynamics explained 45 % (P < 0.001) of ES metric variance, 15 % by itself and 30 % in interaction with inherent soil properties. This study describes how ES evolve with landscape changes, specifying the contribution of spatial variability in the physical environment and highlighting trade-offs and synergies among ES. (Résumé d'auteur
Este artigo analisa a construção de políticas públicas para a agroecologia no Brasil focalizando: (a) o contexto econômico, político e institucional e os processos de organização social que possibilitaram a emergência dessa agenda pública; (b) a constituição de redes de promoção da agroecologia e sua capacidade de influenciar a ação pública; (c) a incorporação do enfoque agroecológico nas políticas públicas considerando a coexistência de distintas concepções de agroecologia. Os resultados são provenientes de uma pesquisa interinstitucional que envolveu diversos pesquisadores e organizações vinculadas à Rede Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Rural na América Latina (PP-AL). Os mesmos apontam que a construção de políticas a favor da agroecologia ganhou espaço a partir de 2002, quando a eleição do presidente Lula levou para dentro da estrutura do Estado atores com interface direta com movimentos sociais e sindicais. Na ampla coalizão política que se formou no novo governo e, sobretudo, no Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), predominaram movimentos agrários com suas tradicionais pautas em torno do crédito rural e da reforma agrária. No entanto, eles passaram a conviver com um movimento agroecológico cada vez mais expressivo e organizado, o que levou à incorporação gradual de referenciais socioambientais nas políticas agrícolas diferenciadas. Além disso, esta convergência foi potencializada pela agenda da segurança alimentar e nutricional, a qual cumpriu um papel decisivo na disseminação da agroecologia como referencial de política pública.
The last few years have seen the emergence of different initiatives designed to promote the biodiversification of agroecosystems as a counterpoint to the global expansion of homogenized industrial agriculture. In Brazil, two food procurement programs demonstrate the potential to promote discussions related to this agroecological transition: the National School Meal Program (Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, PNAE) and the Food Procurement Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos, PAA). The objectives of this paper are to analyze: (a) how these procurement programs currently integrate agrobiodiversity (crops and cropping systems) according to the local context; (b) the main challenges that key stakeholders perceive for the adoption of biodiverse systems; and (c) the extent to which the key stakeholders involved in these programs associate agrobiodiversity with the provision of ecosystem services. We carried out this research in 2017 in two contrasting municipalities in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon, Paragominas and Irituia. Our research shows that these programs have included up to 42 species in Irituia and 32 species in Paragominas. Perennial crop species are the most common type of culture in Irituia (up to 50%), while vegetables are the most common in Paragominas (up to 47%). Although in both municipalities stakeholders identify a large number of ecosystem services (up to 17), services mentioned in Irituia were more closely related to agrobiodiversity. Stakeholders indirectly associated with the programs have a broader view of ecosystem services. We conclude that these procurement programs can be useful tools to promote the biodiversification of local production systems, but their potential may depend on involving institutions not directly associated with their administration. Additionally, despite the observed differences in production context, providing more ecosystem services appears to be a compelling motivation for promoting changes in agroecosystems.
O artigo apresenta elementos de síntese transversal e comparativa de uma pesquisa que tratou dos processos de construção das Políticas Estaduais de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (PEAPOs) em onze estados do Brasil. A partir de informações coletadas por meio de análise documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores e gestores, construiu-se uma matriz comum de análise da ação pública. Os resultados mostram a mobilização dos movimentos sociais de promoção da agroecologia, aliados a diferentes atores nos poderes públicos estaduais, em paralelo ao desmantelamento de diversas políticas nacionais, como a Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (PNAPO), somado a um quadro de incertezas após as últimas eleições presidenciais.
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