While family‐of‐origin interventions are widely used, the theoretical assumptions upon which these techniques are based are largely without empirical validation. This paper reports on the development of a family‐of‐origin scale that may be used in such research as well as employed as an adjunct to therapy. The resultant scale attempts to measure self‐perceived levels of health in one's family of origin. Presented are data pertaining to the scale's validity, reliability, and normative sample.

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Abstractø Stable isotopic data from terrestrial records spanning the last century provide an unique opportunity to test and calibrate how these systems respond to recent climatic change. Here we present an annual oxygen and carbon isotope record covering the period from 1913 to 1995 measured in tree ring cellulose of spruce trees (Picea abies) from central Switzerland. We compare these results with historical low-and high-frequency instrumental data. The isotopic data show high-frequency and spectral correlations, although long-term trends appear to be dissimilar. Our approach also uses constructed time series of these isotopic data with the different climate variables and demonstrates that not all parameters affect the record in the same manner. Additionally, we tested the trees' ability to record the isotopic composition of precipitation and thus changes in temperature and atmospheric circulation. Over the last 23 years, changes of up to 2%0 in the •5180 value of precipitation have been recorded in the nearby Bern Global Network forIsotopes in Precipitation station, and our tree ring isotopic record shows similar changes as a result of moisture uptake during the growing season. Naturally, all biologic systems react differently to environmental perturbations, and correlation with other records will provide a means to validate how well these systems reflect actual climatic changes.

Abstract. The Shark and Harney rivers, located on the southwest coast of Florida, USA, originate in the freshwater, karstic marshes of the Everglades and flow through the largest contiguous mangrove forest in North America. In November 2010 and 2011, dissolved carbon source-sink dynamics was examined in these rivers during SF 6 tracer release experiments. Approximately 80 % of the total dissolved carbon flux out of the Shark and Harney rivers during these experiments was in the form of inorganic carbon, either via air-water CO 2 exchange or longitudinal flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the coastal ocean. Between 42 and 48 % of the total mangrove-derived DIC flux into the rivers was emitted to the atmosphere, with the remaining being discharged to the coastal ocean. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represented ca. 10 % of the total mangrove-derived dissolved carbon flux from the forests to the rivers. The sum of mangrove-derived DIC and DOC export from the forest to these rivers was estimated to be at least 18.9 to 24.5 mmol m −2 d −1 , a rate lower than other independent estimates from Shark River and from other mangrove forests.Results from these experiments also suggest that in Shark and Harney rivers, mangrove contribution to the estuarine flux of dissolved carbon to the ocean is less than 10 %.