The Personal Attribute Inventory is a scale that should prove applicable to a broad range of interpersonal assessments. There are 50 positive and 50 negative adjectives from Gough's (1952) Adjective Check List from which subjects are instructed to select 30 which are most descriptive of the target group or person in question. Using the term "Negroes" as the target stimulus on three different occasions, this scale's test-retest reliabilities were .904, .94, and .95. Its criterion-related validity with the Westie scale was .46 ( p < .001) and with the Ewens checklist was .55 and .66 ( # < .01, < .001, respectively). Further application is needed to assess the usefulness of this procedure.The fields of sociology and social psychology are replete with attitude scales of questionable qualiry. The typical procedure has been to create a scale for each study or to modify an existing scale in some convenient but unsystematic way, thus destroying whatever reliability and validity has been established. This procedure tends to raise questions about huge masses of important research. For example, virtually all of the research on prejudice has used weak, poorly validated, and unreliable scales. Part of this difficulty lies in the conceptualization of attitudes.While attitudes have been defined by some as having a cognitive, affective, and behavioral component (e.) view affect as the central feature, with affect generally being defined as an evaluative stance, e.g., good-bad, hate-love, attraction-repulsion Even when these writers include other components in their conceptualizations, affect remains central. A researcher attempting to select a scale is never sure of the best conceptualization for what he is measuring because the scale developer does not supply him with the underlying rationale. The Personal Attribute Inventory was designed strictly as an evaluative-affective measure excluding as much as possible cognitions and behavioral implications, but it is not a physiological measure.The plague on the social sciences of scales with poor quality is related to an emphasis on narrow uses. A scale developed to tap attitudes toward a 'This paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association which was held in Houston, Texas, April, 1975. 'Requests for reprints should be sent to Thomas S. Parish. Department of Apdied Be---havibral Studies; Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, dklahbma 74074. T h e investigators gratefully acknowledge the assistance and support they received from the College of Education and the Research Foundation at Oklahoma Scate University.

Salomaa served as lead for formal analysis, visualization, and writing-original draft, contributed equally to writing-review & editing, and served in a supporting role for conceptualization, data curation, and investigation. Nicholas A. Livingston served as lead for conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, and supervision, contributed equally to writing-original draft and writing-review & editing, and served in a supporting role for formal analysis. William T. Bryant contributed equally to investigation, writing-original draft, and writing-review & editing and served in a supporting role for conceptualization. Cara Herbitter contributed equally to investigation, writing-original draft, and writing-review & editing and served in a supporting role for conceptualization. Kelly Harper contributed equally to writing-original draft and writing-review & editing. Colleen A. Sloan contributed equally to writing-review & editing and served in a supporting role for writing-original draft. Zig Hinds contributed equally to data curation and project administration and served in a supporting role for writing-original draft and writing-review & editing. Lisa Gyuro contributed equally to data curation and project administration and served in a supporting role for writing-original draft and writing-review & editing. Sarah E. Valentine contributed equally to writingoriginal draft and writing-review & editing and served in a supporting role for conceptualization. Jillian C. Shipherd served as lead for conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, and supervision and contributed equally to writing-original draft and writingreview & editing.

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are at increased risk of various forms of psychopathology. Little research has been conducted with broadband measures of psychopathology and TGD individuals. The present study sought to examine how TGD individuals scored on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales. This included MMPI-2-RF profiles from 85 TGD individuals; 37 were in mental health treatment and 48 of which were not. This study involved three sets of pairwise comparisons on MMPI-2-RF substantive scales via t-tests: (a) TGD individuals not in treatment versus the MMPI-2-RF normative sample, (v) TGD individuals not in treatment versus TGD individuals in treatment, and (c) TGD individuals in treatment versus a large outpatient clinical sample. Compared to the MMPI-2-RF normative sample, TGD individuals not in treatment scored significantly higher on 31 of the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales. Compared to those TGD individuals not in treatment, those in treatment had significantly higher scores on several MMPI-2-RF scales, primarily those of internalizing psychopathology. In the final comparison between TGD individuals in treatment and an outpatient clinical sample, the TGD individuals had some significantly higher and significantly lower scores on MMPI-2-RF substantive scales. Implications regarding minority stress and the current findings are discussed. Public Significance StatementThis study found that transgender and gender diverse individuals scored meaningfully higher on several self-report scales measuring psychopathology. Implications are such that transgender and gender diverse individuals experience a greater degree of psychological distress and somatic and cognitive complaints particularly in a nonclinical sample compared to a normative sample.

Quality reservoir descriptions require calibration of rock, pore and fluid data against production performance decline and pressure information. This paper presents a powerful three-stage integration process for building reservoir descriptions that has been successfully applied to over 80 reservoirs since 1994. The first stage defines rock types by relating geologic framework, lithofacies and petrology to porosity, permeability and capillarity. Rock types represent reservoir units with a distinct porosity-permeability relationship and a unique water saturation for a given height above the free-water level. Relative permeability coupled with rock type data predicts production fluid ratios and residual hydrocarbon saturation. The products of stage one are rock, pore, and fluid models. The second stage integrates rock type models with formation evaluation data to define reservoir compartments and flow units. Formation evaluation extends the rock type models and builds data transforms to compute storage capacity, flow capacity and reservoir speed. The products of stage two are petrophysical models. The third stage uses the petrophysical models to calibrate seismic data and/or geostatistics to build a 3D reservoir description. Production tests, pressure transient data and decline curve analysis calibrate these descriptions for flow simulation. This integrated process results in reservoir descriptions and flow models that are synergistic and powerful reservoir management tools. Over 500 BCF of gas and 45 MMBO of additional resources were identified by applying this process in the last four years. An additional 11.4 TCF of gas and 500 MMBO of recently discovered resources have been evaluated in key business areas. This process is the focus for a year-long training program at Amoco. The training helps geologists, geophysicist, engineers and formation analysts become expert integrators of multidiscipline data to produce reservoir descriptions which are used to solve business problems. Introduction The business impact of applying the petrophysical integration process model (PIPM) and petrophysics project management is significant. The influence diagram (Figure 1) clearly shows front-end-loading project design reduces costs, because the ability to change decreases with time and the cost of change increases dramatically with time. Additionally, collection of some forms of reservoir data must be completed early to be representative of reservoir performance. Our definition of petrophysics is "the synergistic process of integrating multiple disciplines to characterize and quantify rock, pore and fluid systems." This nineties' version of Archie's definition maintains the fundamental truths established in 1950. To integrate the study of petrophysics, the PIPM is taught at Amoco as an intensive year long training program. This successful program hinges on our ability to teach, integrate and apply technologies to business problems. Working on a chosen technical project, participants receive technical training and apply techniques and interpretation methods to solve a business problem. To complete the project phase of the program they must use progress principles such as business process improvement and project management. Participants learn the fundamentals of PIPM through 80 classroom lectures, field trips, and applied workshops taught by world class consultants and in-house professionals (Figure 2). These seminars are organized around the fundamental keystones of rock, pores, fluids and project management (Figure 3). The petrophysical integration process (Figure 4) focuses on key wells to build the basis for extrapolation to the larger field. The key well concept allows for the necessary depth of investigation and reduces cycle time. P. 475^

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