Early increases in TLR2/4 gene and TLR4 protein expression correlated with mortality, whereas blunting TLR gene and protein expression correlated with improved long-term survival. This suggests that early up-regulation of tissue TLR2/4 may play a role in the proinflammatory response and pathophysiology of polymicrobial sepsis.

Telephone psychotherapy provides small and moderate benefits in depression, fatigue, quality of life, MS symptoms, physical activity, and medication adherence in the short term. Few gains were sustained in the long term. Studies of better quality are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Objective. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Problem-Solving Therapy are types of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) group that improve physical and mental health in chronic pain or cancer. However, dropout is high due to group demands alongside physical impairments. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a wellevidenced means of enhancing treatment adherence. Few studies have investigated MI as an adjunct to CBT in cancer or chronic pain and none have established the minimum MI duration required for adherence improvement. This study evaluated minimal-duration MI to improve adherence in three CBT group-types for cancer and chronic pain. Methods. In a cohort study of 99 cancer and chronic pain patients, 47 were given a 10-15minute structured MI telephone intervention (MI-call) after the first session. The remaining 52 received a CBT group without MI (no-MI). Results. Odds of completing group CBTs were 5 times greater for patients in the MI-call cohort versus no-MI. Effects remained when controlling for age, gender, diagnosis, grouptype and baseline quality of life. The MI-call cohort attended one extra session per patient compared to no-MI, controlling for age, gender and diagnosis. Conclusions. A brief MI telephone intervention may improve adherence to group CBTs in cancer and chronic pain.