Casing deformation can be used as a direct indicator or measurement of reservoir geomechanical strain, such as may occur withVertical compaction accompanying pressure depletion of high-compressibility hydrocarbon reservoirs;Vertical strain dilation due to stress arching;Shear events associated with fault movement and reservoir bed boundary movement during subsidence;Localized strain events such as pipe ovalization due to highly anisotropic loading or formation strain anisotropy; andPressure changes due to depletion of or injection into reservoirs. Identifying and quantifying these events early can help an operator remedy a potentially damaging production scenario, apply the correct seismic transit time correction during time-lapse reservoir seismic monitoring, or monitor production, injection, and pass-through zones for pressure depletion effects. We have installed, in an industry first, a high-resolution fiber-optic strain imaging system in a producing well. The theoretical, experimental and early deployment test trial details of this technology were reported in SPE 109941, presented at the 2007 SPE ATCE. In this paper, we will report high-resolution strain monitoring results obtained on a set of casing joints which were instrumented with several thousand fiber-optic strain sensors, deployed as a single fiber cable in an onshore production well, installed using normal rig equipment. Of particular interest at this early stage in the well's life is the demonstration of the strain measurement resolution and sensitivity, as evidenced by our ability to monitor the differential pressure between the inside and outside of the casing while circulating prior to cementing, during the cementing operation and while the cement was curing. This monitoring yielded excellent results while cementing the instrumented intermediate casing string, as well as while cementing the production casing string. Cemented at a measured depth of 8000 feet in an unconventional gas well, the strain-instrumented casing joints in conjunction with a distributed temperature sensor and external pressure gauge have continued to provide strain, temperature and behind-casing pressure readings through the remainder of the well construction, completion, hydraulic fracturing and the current, early production operations some six months after initial installation. Introduction The subsurface is host to a number of substantial geomechanical stresses that threaten well integrity. In several instances, this has lead to a complete loss of the well (Cernocky 1995; Morris 1998). For example, reservoir compaction can exert large stresses on a well, which can be initiated by producing from highly compressible layers in the reservoir. As the reservoir fluids are produced, load stresses from the overburden will cause the sediments to consolidate and ultimately compact. Compaction results in both a compression of the reservoir and an extension in the overburden (Morris 1995; Bruno 2002; Bruno 1992). The wells in these zones will undergo significant axial strains and tend to bend and buckle. In addition to compaction, active faults or slip surfaces can also cause intersecting wells to shear and stop producing. Such events threaten not only the life and production of the well, but also the ultimate recovery of a reservoir if they are not effectively addressed as part of a reservoir surveillance program.
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