Complex turbine wake interactions play an important role in overall energy extraction in large wind farms. Current control strategies optimize individual turbine power, and lead to significant energy losses in wind farms compared with lone-standing wind turbines. In recent work, an optimal coordinated control framework was introduced (Goit & Meyers 2015 J. Fluid Mech. 768, 5–50 (doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.7010.1017/jfm.2015.70)). Here, we further elaborate on this framework, quantify the influence of optimization parameters and introduce new simulation results for which gains in power production of up to 21% are observed.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wind energy in complex terrains’.
Abstract:In wind farms, wakes originating from upstream turbines cause reduced energy extraction and increased loading variability in downstream rows. The prospect of mitigating these detrimental effects through coordinated controllers at the wind-farm level has fueled a multitude of research efforts in wind-farm control. The main strategies in wind-farm control are to influence the velocity deficits in the wake by deviating from locally optimal axial induction setpoints on the one hand, and steering wakes away from downstream rows through yaw misalignment on the other hand. The current work investigates dynamic induction and yaw control of individual turbines for wind-farm power maximization in large-eddy simulations. To this end, receding-horizon optimal control techniques combined with continuous adjoint gradient evaluations are used. We study a 4 × 4 aligned wind farm, and find that for this farm layout yaw control is more effective than induction control, both for uniform and turbulent inflow conditions. Analysis of optimal yaw controls leads to the definition of two simplified yaw control strategies, in which wake meandering and wake redirection are exploited respectively. Furthermore it is found that dynamic yawing provides significant benefits over static yaw control in turbulent flow environments, whereas this is not the case for uniform inflow. Finally, the potential of combining overinductive axial induction control with yaw control is shown, with power gains that approximate the sum of those achieved by each control strategy separately.
In wall-bounded turbulent flow simulations, periodic boundary conditions combined with insufficiently long domains lead to persistent spanwise locking of large-scale turbulent structures. This leads to statistical inhomogeneities of 10%–15% that persist in time averages of 60 eddy turnover times and more. We propose a shifted periodic boundary condition that eliminates this effect without the need for excessive streamwise domain lengths. The method is tested based on a set of direct numerical simulations of a turbulent channel flow, and large-eddy simulations of a high Reynolds number rough-wall half-channel flow. The method is very useful for precursor simulations that generate inlet conditions for simulations that are spatially inhomogeneous, but require statistically homogeneous inlet boundary conditions in the spanwise direction. The method’s advantages are illustrated for the simulation of a developing wind-farm boundary layer.
Известно, что на территории РФ планируется строительство нескольких крупных ветропарков. Задачи, связанные с проектированием и с оценкой эффективности работы ветропарков, являются актуальными на сегодняшний день. Одно из возможных направлений в проектировании связано с математическим моделированием. Метод крупных вихрей (вихреразрешающее моделирование), разработанный в рамках направления вычислительной гидродинамики, позволяет в деталях воспроизводить нестационарную структуру течения и определить различные интегральные характеристики. В данной статье проведен расчет работы одиночной ветроэлектрической установки с помощью метода крупных вихрей и метода плоских сечений вдоль лопасти турбины. Для постановки задачи рассматривалась расчетная область в форме параллелепипеда и использовалась адаптированная неструктурированная сетка. Математическая модель включала в себя основные уравнения неразрывности и количества движения для несжимаемой жидкости. Крупномасштабные вихревые структуры рассчитывались при помощи интегрирования фильтрованных уравнений. Расчет был проведен с использованием модели Смагоринского для определения значения турбулентной подсеточной вязкости. Геометрические параметры ветроэлектрической установки задавались исходя из открытых источников в интернете. Все физические величины в расчетной области определялись в центре расчетной ячейки. Аппроксимация слагаемых в исходных уравнениях была выполнена со вторым порядком точности по времени и пространству. Уравнения для связи скорости и давления решались с помощью итерационного алгоритма PIMPLE. Общее количество рассчитываемых физических величин на каждом временном шаге равнялось 18. В связи с этим требовались ресурсы вычислительного кластера. В результате расчета течения в следе для трехлопастной турбины получены осредненные и мгновенные значения скорости, давления, подсеточной кинетической энергии и турбулентной вязкости, компоненты тензора подсеточных напряжений. Полученные результаты, качественно совпадающие с известными результатами экспериментов и численных расчетов, свидетельствуют о возможности адекватно рассчитать параметры течения для одиночной ветроэлектрической установки.
Abstract:We investigate the use of optimal coordinated control techniques in large eddy simulations of wind farm boundary layer interaction with the aim of increasing the total energy extraction in wind farms. The individual wind turbines are considered as flow actuators, and their energy extraction is dynamically regulated in time, so as to optimally influence the flow field. We extend earlier work on wind farm optimal control in the fully-developed regime (Goit and Meyers 2015, J. Fluid Mech. 768, 5-50) to a 'finite' wind farm case, in which entrance effects play an important role. For the optimal control, a receding horizon framework is employed in which turbine thrust coefficients are optimized in time and per turbine. Optimization is performed with a conjugate gradient method, where gradients of the cost functional are obtained using adjoint large eddy simulations. Overall, the energy extraction is increased 7% by the optimal control. This increase in energy extraction is related to faster wake recovery throughout the farm. For the first row of turbines, the optimal control increases turbulence levels and Reynolds stresses in the wake, leading to better wake mixing and an inflow velocity for the second row that is significantly higher than in the uncontrolled case. For downstream rows, the optimal control mainly enhances the sideways mean transport of momentum. This is different from earlier observations by Goit and Meyers (2015) in the fully-developed regime, where mainly vertical transport was enhanced.
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