Plant species of the Poaceae family are not only used as fodder and forage but also contribute substantially to the treatment of various health disorders, particularly in livestock. Consequently, the present study was aimed to document the therapeutic uses of Poaceae practiced by the inhabitants of the Punjab Province for the treatment of various veterinary health disorders. Semi structured interviews, group discussion and field walks were conducted to collect the data. Quantitative indices including cultural significance index (CSI), relative frequency of citations (RFC), fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level (RPL), and Jaccard Index (JI) were used for the data analysis. Traditional uses of 149 species belonging to 60 genera and 16 tribes of 5 sub families of Poaceae were recorded. Whole plants and leaves were the most consistently used parts with 40.94 and 29.53%. The plants were mainly given orally as fodder (59 reports) without processing followed by decoction (35 reports). Most of the species were employed to treat infectious diseases (25.93%), and digestive disorders (14.10%). Triticum aestivum had the highest CSI, RFC and RPL levels at 8.00, 0.96, 1.00, respectively, followed by Oryza sativa and Poa annua. Likewise, T. aestivum and Saccharum spontaneum had 100% FL and ROP. Jaccard index ranged from 12.25 to 0.37. Twelve plant species namely Chrysopogon zizanioides (anti-inflammatory), Pennisetum lanatum (improve bull fertility), Cymbopogon citratus (glandular secretion), Sorghum saccharatum and Themeda triandra (malaria), Aristida funiculate (anticancer), Koeleria argentia (skin allergies), Tetrapogon villosus (antibacterial), Cynodon radiatus (eyes infection), Sporobolus nervosa (Jaundice), Enneapogon persicus (antifungal), and Panicum repens (dysfunctional cattle organs) were reported for the first time, with novel ethnoveterinary uses. The inhabitants of the study area had a strong association with their surrounding plant diversity and possessed significant knowledge on therapeutic uses of Poaceae to treat various health disorders in animals. Plant species with maximum cultural and medicinal

A plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The current research aimed to analyze the agronomical, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms accompanying the acquisition of salt resistance in the Vigna radiata L. variety ‘Ramzan’ using seed osmo- and thermopriming in the presence of PEG-4000 and 4 °C under induced salinity stresses of 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Seeds were collected from CCRI, Nowshera, and sowing was undertaken in triplicate at the Department of Botany, Peshawar University, during the 2018–2019 growing season. Rhizospheric soil pH (6.0), E.C (2.41 ds/m), field capacity, and moisture content level were estimated in the present study. We observed from the estimated results that the agronomic characteristics, i.e., shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in T9 (4oC + 150 mM NaCl), root fresh weight and root dry weight in T4 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), shoot moisture content in T5 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), and root moisture content in T6 (PEG + 150 mM NaCl) were the highest, followed by the lowest in T1 (both shoot and root fresh weights) and T2 (shoot and root dry weights). Similarly, the shoot moisture content was the maximum in T5 and the minimum in T6, and root moisture was the highest in T6. We observed from the estimated results that agronomical parameters including dry masses (T4, T6, T4), leaf area index, germination index, leaf area, total biomass, seed vigor index under treatment T9, and relative water content and water use efficiency during T5 and T6 were the highest. Plant physiological traits such as proline, SOD enhanced by T1, carotenoids in treatment T2, and chlorophyll and protein levels were the highest under treatment T4, whereas sugar and POD were highest under treatments T7 and T8. The principal component analysis enclosed 63.75% of the total variation among all biological components. These estimated results confirmed the positive resistance by Vigna radiata during osmopriming (PEG) and thermopriming (4 °C) on most of the features with great tolerance under a low-saline treatment such as T4 (PEG), T5 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), T7 (4 °C), and T8 (4 °C + 100 mM NaCl), while it was susceptible in the case of T6 (PEG + 150 mM NaCl) and T9 (4 °C + 150 mM NaCl) to high salt application. We found that the constraining impact of several priming techniques improved low salinity, which was regarded as economically inexpensive and initiated numerous metabolic processes in plants, hence decreasing germination time. The current study will have major applications for combatting the salinity problem induced by climate change in Pakistan.

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Investigating the effects of climate and land-use changes on surface runoff is critical for water resources management. The majority of studies focused on projected climate change effects on surface runoff, while neglecting future land-use change. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to discriminate the impacts of projected climate and land-use changes on surface runoff using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) through the lens of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Future scenarios of the land-use and climate changes are predicted using cellular automata artificial neural network and four bias-corrected general circulation models, respectively. The historical record (2000–2013) was divided into the calibration period (2000–2008) and the validation period (2009–2013). The simulated results demonstrated that the SWAT model performed well. The results obtained from 2000 to 2013 show that climate change (61.61%) has a higher influence on river runoff than land-use change (38.39%). Both climate and land-use changes are predicted to increase future runoff depth in this basin. The influence of climate change (12.76–25.92%) is greater than land-use change (0.37–1.1%). Global weather data has good applicability for simulating hydrological responses in the region where conventional gauges are unavailable. The study discusses that both climate and land-use changes impact runoff depth and concluded some suggestions for water resources managers to bring water environment sustainability.

The genus Ranunculus belongs to the family Ranunculaceae, which comprises 50 genera and 2000 species. In Pakistan, it is represented by 22 genera and 114 species. The phytochemical studies on various species of genus Ranunculus have reported that they contain anemone [1], carotene [2], flavone-glycosides [3], and ranuncosides [4]. The saline extracts of some species have been reported to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-malarial activities [5][6][7]. Ranunculus repens L. is widely distributed in the northern areas of Pakistan and is used for medicinal purposes [8]. Several genera in this family possess irritant properties due to the presence of protoanemonin [9,10]. The protoanemonin also inhibits mitosis in plant cells [11]. No work has been reported so far on this species. The diverse medicinal uses attributed to this species prompted us to carry out phytochemical and biological studies on this plant. Biological screening of the methanolic extract revealed significant inhibitory activity against the enzyme xanthine oxidase [12]. On fractionation, the major inhibitory activity against this enzyme was detected in the chloroform soluble fraction. The chloroform soluble fraction resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of R(+)-dalbergiphenol (1), R(+)-4-methoxydalbergione (2), and methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (3). All of them have been reported for the first time from this plant.The chloroform soluble fraction (F2) of the methanolic extract of the roots of Ranunculus repens L. was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel eluting with different mobile phases in increasing order of polarity. Compounds (1-3) were finally obtained and their structures established by spectral analysis. The fraction which eluted with n-hexane -CHCl 3 (1 : 9) was chromatographed over silica gel and eluted with CHCl 3 to give compound 1 (10 mg), a light brown oil; [α] D 22 +31.9° (CHCl 3 ); EIMS m/z: 270 (M + , C 17 H 18 O 3 ). The fraction which eluted with CHCl 3 -EtOAc (8 : 2) was chromatographed over silica gel using CHCl 3 -EtOAc (7.5 : 2.5) as eluent to afford compound 2 (8 mg), which crystallized from acetone, mp 112 -113°C; [α] D 22 +16.2° (CHCl 3 );EIMS m/z: 254 (M + , C 16 H 14 O 3 ). The fraction which eluted with CHCl 3 -EtOAc (1 : 1) was further chromatographed over silica gel eluting with CHCl 3 -EtOAc (4.5 : 5.5) to furnish compound 3 (40 mg) as a colorless amorphous powder, mp 198 -200°C; [α] D 22 +27.6° (CHCl 3 ); EIMS m/z 270 (M + , C 8 H 8 O 5 ). Their physical and chemical data showed complete agreement with the literature [13 -15].Xanthine oxidase is a highly versatile enzyme [16], catalyzes the hydroxylation of purines, particularly the conversion of xanthine oxidase to uric acid [17], and also the reduction of oxygen [18,19]. The compounds 1 -3 were tested for inhibition against xanthine oxidase. It is evident from the results that compounds with more phenolic and methoxy moieties are the most active inhibitors. The inhibitory activities of 1 and 2 were comparable, while compound ...