No abstract

One use of technology in agriculture involves setting up a reserving sheet for subsurface moisture under the root zone of wheat crops, which is symbolized by SWRT, to conserve the water in the root zone. This reduces the field water losses by raising the efficiency of water use (WUE) and economical water productivity (EWP). For this study, an SWRT membrane sheet was put under the root zone of wheat crops throughout the growing season, from the winter of November 2019 to the end of the season in April 2020, in a free field. The study was conducted on a private farm located in the province of Babylon in Sadat Al-Hindya Town, which is approximately 70 km from the capital (Baghdad). Surface irrigation was utilized for the irrigation of the wheat crops. Two methods were used: method A1 utilized the SWRT sheet and method A2 was conducted without the SWRT sheet. The irrigation water supply, irrigation period, and soil water content before and after irrigation were computed and recorded every day for the A1 and A2 methods. The values of wheat crop production (yield), water use efficiency, and economical water productivity from the two plots were computed and compared. The results obtained for water use efficiency for the two methods, A1 and A2, were 0.51 and 0.47 kg/m3, respectively. The increment in yield of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 6.45%. The increment in WUE of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 8.55%. In addition, the WP of the wheat crop for plots A1 and A2 were 144.44 and 119.16 ID/m3, respectively, while the increment in WP of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 21.21%. The findings show that the SWRT method prevents the environmental effects of pesticide and fertilizers that enter the groundwater and pollute it. This technology assists in saving water and plant nutrients, and prevents pollution of the groundwater from pesticides and excess fertiliser.

This research aims to find the number of farm units and the distance between each other with the best direction of slops in the units of irrigation for the previously executed irrigation project. The best plane method (B.P.M.) was chosen in this study. As we knew, this method does not give the correct value of slope when the collector drain canal lies at a higher level than the watercourse canal in irrigation units. (B.P.M.) gives the magnitude for the inverse direction of slope and the required inverse cross irrigation slope. Therefore, it is important to find a solution for this problem by using the conditions and limitations in determining the required slope values of cross irrigation and in the correct direction for irrigation slope to give the low quantity for both cuts and cut to fill ratio, to obtained minimizing in cost.

The surface irrigation model with mathematical expression in stream flow was applied in a border irrigation system for an agricultural area in Al-Mussaib city north of the Babylon governorate in central of Iraq in which divided into basins of different dimensions. This study aims to select the optimum area for basins (dimensions) and their relationship into soil type to show the ability of fully submerged basins in standard time with high irrigation efficiency and uniform distribution along the border. The improvement of field irrigation efficiency was done by studying the relationship between soil type, flow rate, slope, and basin area. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing were used to analyze satellite imagery, identify the topography and inclinations of the area, as well as the possibility of classifying the soil by collecting field data for the study area and measuring the discharge on-site with calculation of irrigation efficiency, distribution efficiency, uniformity, progression and infiltration time. After analyzing the results and graphically, it was concluded for the case of providing a large basin of silty soil with high discharge, the infiltration time is long with increase in losses, the value of irrigation efficiency was 63%. For small basins with dimensions (20 * 120) m and flow rate, 0.04 m 3 / s, the irrigation efficiency was approximately 77% due to the convergence and parallelization of the infiltration time with advance time of irrigation, which requires making the land basin small. According to the results, when the soil type is clay, the results showed that basin can be small or large with making leveling of the land in a slope of not more than 3%, but when the soil is silty, the basin designed in small dimensions to obtain highest uniformity and minimum time required.

This research aims to find a suitable transportation rate formula for bed load. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume for monitoring and measuring the transportation of sediment particles (bed load) which move by jumping, rolling, or sliding within the flume. This study included two parts. The first part is experimenting using a flume and tracking the particles' movement by analysing the images taken by the camera. The measurements that have been taken are the amount of accumulated bed load particles at the end of the flume, which are distributed along a certain distance during a specific time, thus obtaining measuring data about the amount of accumulated bed load and values of moving distance and the required time for accumulating the particles at the flume end. The accumulated height of bed load is also measured. These experiments were conducted at different low-flow velocities. The second part includes the expression of a formula for bed load transportation rate, which is the product of multiplying the accumulated height of bed load by the velocity of bed load particles with distance at a certain time that was devised in the first part. Through the proposed method of obtaining the measurements in the first part Analysis of bed load particle velocity was done by using (π-theorem) from the results of experiments (Cv, V, ρ, ρS, µ, ds, L). To derive the formula of accumulated bed load height at flume end along a certain distance using Rayleigh’s method and using the results of the experiment (δ, V, g, ds). Finally, there can be found an expression of the bed load transportation rate formula. Checking was made for this formula, which was compared with other researchers' equations using statically measured. It was found that the derived formula was acceptable to calculate the transportation rate of bed load.