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Biodesulfurization of fossil fuels is a promising method for treating the sour oil due to its environmental friendliness and ability to get rid of the recalcitrant organosulfur compounds. In this study, many types of microorganisms such as Ralstonia eutropha, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans applied on a sour heavy crude oil (sulfur content was 4.4%). Also, a colony isolated from the crude oil and oil concentrate was examined by supplying it with PTCC 106. The various official and famous mediums were significantly evaluated such as (PTCC 2, PTCC 105, PTCC 106 (9K), PTCC 116, PTCC 123, PTCC 132), sulfur-free MG-medium, basal salts medium, and mineral salts. It was found that Rhodococcus erythropolis and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans from microorganisms and SFM and the medium PTCC 105 were selected as the higher desulfurization efficiencies of crude oil equaling 47 and 19.74% respectively. The bioreactions depend on the treated fluid, targeting sulfur compounds as these represent the environmental status (amounts and types of nutrients), and the type of biotreaters whether microorganism are septic, semiseptic, or aseptic. The optimum operation conditions have been designed by using Definitive method such as mixing speed, temperature, surfactant dose, OWR, acidity. The optimum efficiencies obtained here are better than the previous efforts even though those gained by bioengineering. Biodesalination was a simultaneous process with the BDS.

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By the time on the first exploration of reservoirs and design of refineries, there are many challenges appeared on the health, safety, and environment (HSE) by conduction of the fossil fuels such as the higher contents of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, halogen, metals, and aromatics. There are many side effects on the human health starting from the simple to the malignant diseases such as cancer. Also, the safety of equipement and catalysts are affected by the presence of high content of these impurities in oils by many phenomena such as corrosion, erosion, and poisoning. In the current work, a general overview of the risk assessment of HSE, techno-economical, and quality management problems and solutions are presented related to the oil, gas, water, and energy (OGWE) subjects in an oily developing country and area such as Iraq generally and Misan specifically. It was found the necessary to thinking towards improvement of the fossil energy to compete the clean energy and participation in the new renewable energy industry and transition.

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