Gula merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat Indonesia, fungsi utamanya adalah sebagai pemanis. Kadar Glukosa yang tinggi menjadi pencetus berbagai macam penyakit. Penelitian tentang transformasi D-glukosa menjadi D-Fruktosa ini dilakukan di dalam reaktor osilasi kolom dengan baffle, yang merupakan implementasi dari teknologi arus osilasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan bahan baku α-D glukopiranosa murni, yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh variabel hidrodinamika( amplitude dan frekuensi) dengan dan tanpa osilasi pada peningkatan konversi D-glukosa menjadi D- fruktosa. Pada proses non osilasi, bahan baku yang digunakan terdiri dari α D- glukopiranosa mumi sebesar 98 %, katalis NaBr.2H2O dengan perbandingan 1:0,005; larutan NaOH 50% untuk membuat suasana larutan dalam kondisi basa pada PH 8-11, dan air sebagai pelarut. Di dalam reaktor osilasi berbalfle ini, proses berlangsung dengan variabel yang divariasikan : Temperatur 50 °C, 60 °C dan 70 °C .Pada Proses Osilasi dengan komposisi bahan baku yang sama pada proses Non Osilasi yaitu perbandingan katalis dan bahan baku 0,005 dan variabel operasi yang divareasikan : Frekuensi 4 Hz,6 Hz,8 Hz,10 Hz; Amplitudo 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm. Sehingga diperoleh konversi D-fruktosa pada Non Osilasi sebesar 47 % pada Temperatur 60°C, waktu 55 menit. Pada proses Osilasi diperoleh konversi yang cukup tinggi sebesar 98,3 %, pada temperatur 60 °C, waktu 50 menit. Dari eksperimen yang dilakukan pada transformasi D-glukosa menjadi D-fruktosa menunjukkan adanya pengaruh variabel hidrodinamika (Amplitudo dan frekuensi) terhadap besarnya konversi yang diperoleh. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa arus osilasi memberikan pengaruh terhadap konversi D-glukosa menjadi D- fruktosa.
In the processing of raw water into clean water need to add coagulant to remove turbidity when the turbidity exceeds the limit specified requirements. Coagulant commonly used for water treatment that Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate and Ferry Chloride. This study aims to determine the optimum dose of coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate and Ferry Chloride and to compare its effectiveness in water treatment Cisadane in PDAM Tirta Pakun Bogor with different turbidity levels.Cisadane river water sample taken on different days with different turbidity levels. Determination of the optimum dose of coagulant is done by providing different dosage variations. Test parameter and characteristics of raw ait water jar test result of the test, to test the turbidity mearused by the turbidymeter total dissolved solids mearused by conductometer, pH mearused by pH meter, Fe and Mn measured by spectrophotometer and organic substance using titration method. Then the experimental data obtained were compared with the reqquirements of Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/iv/2010.Of the result obtained optimum dose at low turbidity coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) 30,2 NTU at 14 mg/L and Ferry Chloride at 16 mg/L.. While high turbidity of 681 NTU, the optimum dose for coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) at 35 mg/L, Aluminum Sulfate at 5 mg/L and Ferry Chloride at 40 mg/L. Coagulant more effective water treatment raw cisadane river in the PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor is coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride(PAC). Because Poli Aluminium chloride is more effective in reducing potential energy as a barrier energy in the aggregation process.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage time and dilution of black liquor (BL) from Acacia mangium kraft pulping on the characteristics of isolated Lignin. Lignin isolation was carried out by 1 and 2 steps of isolation using HCL 1M to precipitate Lignin, diluted before isolation. Isolated Lignin was analyzed for its acid-soluble Lignin (ASL), insoluble acid lignin (AIL), functional groups by FTIR, solubility in dioxane and NaOH and thermal properties. The effect of BL storage time was also evaluated on the characteristics of the Lignin produced. The results suggest that the longer BL is stored, the higher the lignin yield. When compared to the isolation approach without dilution, the dilution process produced a higher yield and ash content up to 84% and 21%, respectively. Without dilution, the AIL isolated was lower than the dilution during BL storage. The longer the storage duration, the higher the lignin purity. Compared to two-step lignin isolation, dilution treatment in single-step isolation improves yield and purity. The thermal stability of lignin isolation without dilution (184 ⁰C and 167 ⁰C for 1 and 2 steps, respectively) was higher than that of isolated Lignin with dilution (154.8 ⁰C and 160.9 ⁰C for 1 and 2 steps, respectively), according to thermal study. Both lignin isolates with and without dilution have comparable functional groups, as shown by FTIR spectra. Due to the high yield and purity of isolated Lignin, BL dilution could be a viable alternative in lignin isolation from BL. Moreover, the properties of isolated Lignin are also influenced by BL storage.
Insect repellent atau replan adalah bahan yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melindungi manusia dari gigitan nyamuk bila dioleskan ke permukaan kulit. Pengendalian yang sering digunakan adalah pemberian insektisida sintetik yang dapat menimbulkan banyak dampak negatif. Alternatif yang bisa digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan insektisida nabati dari minyak biji mimba yang kandungan senyawa utamanya azadirachtin. Minyak biji mimba diformulasikan ke dalam sediaan emulsi dalam bentuk krim, dimana pengujian yang dilakukan memilih konsentrasi emulgator yang baik untuk sediaan krim minyak biji mimba dengan menguji kestabilan emulsi (Viskositas, Ukuran Droplet ). Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh emulgator yang baik adalah dengan konsentrasi asam stearate 4% dan setil alcohol 7% dengan nilai droplet 21,872 dan nilai viskositas 5150 cps. Berdasarkan eksperimen yang dilakukan menunjukkan adanya pengaruh viskositas dan ukuran droplet terhadap kestabilan emulsi krim anti nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang mengakibatkan penurunan tegangan permukaan dan peningkatan potensial permukaan)
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