Abstract:The considerable therapeutical problems of persistent infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacterial strains constitute a continuing need to find effective antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils against multidrugresistant clinical strains of Escherichia coli. A detailed analysis was performed of the resistance of the drug to the strains and their sensitivity to the tested oils. The antibacterial activity of the oils was tested against standard strain Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as well as 60 other clinical strains of Escherichia coli. The clinical strains were obtained from patients with infections of the respiratory tract, abdominal cavity, urinary tract, skin and from hospital equipment. The inhibition of microbial growth by both essential oils, presented as MIC values, were determined by agar dilution. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was carried out using disc diffusion. The results showed that both tested essential oils are active against all of the clinical strains from Escherichia coli including extended-spectrum β-lactamase positive bacteria, but basil oil possesses a higher ability to inhibit growth. These studies may hasten the application of essential oils in the treatment and prevention of emergent resistant strains in nosocomial infections.

A Ad dd dr re es ss s f fo or r c co or rr re es sp po on nd de en nc ce e: : Prof. A b s t r a c tTopical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) are a relatively new class of drugs used in dermatology. There are two drug forms available -tacrolimus 0.03% or 0.1% ointment and 1.0% pimecrolimus cream. The drugs act by inhibiting synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The only approved indication for using TCI is treatment of atopic dermatitis. The TCI may be used as an alternative therapy to corticosteroids. Tacrolimus is used to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, pimecrolimus -mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Topical calcineurin inhibitors do not cause skin atrophy and the drug absorption through the skin is minimal. The TCI have been well-studied, their efficacy was evaluated in a number of vast, long-term studies. The anti-inflammatory potency of tacrolimus ointment is similar to a corticosteroid with moderate activity, while the latter is clearly more active than pimecrolimus cream. Topical calcineurin inhibitors significantly relieve pruritus in atopic eczema.K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : topical calcineurin inhibitors, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus.

Amorolfine 5% and ciclopirox 8% nail lacquers are commonly used in topical treatment of onychomycosis. These formulations may be used alone or in combination with oral antifungal agents. Amorolfine and ciclopirox are valuable therapeutic options, however, their usage in monotherapy should be limited. Proper amorolfine and ciclopirox penetration through the nail plate is provided by transungual drug delivery systems. Although amorolfine and ciclopirox have a different mode of action, they both exhibit a broad antifungal activity. The use of antifungal nail lacquers in combination with oral agents, such as terbinafine and itraconazole, improves efficacy of antifungal therapy.

IntroductionAlopecia areata (AA) is considered an autoimmune disorder characterized by patchy loss of hair from the scalp and other body parts. Many patients develop the disease in childhood.AimTo answer the question whether abnormal production of some proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17A and IFNγ) in children with AA may facilitate the development or progression of the disease.Material and methodsThe study group consisted of 42 children with AA, the control group – 37 healthy children. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from patients with AA and healthy controls and the concentrations of serum cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17A, IFN-γ were determined quantitatively by ELISA method.ResultsThe serum IL-6, IL-15, IL-17A and IFNγ levels were significantly increased in patients with AA compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). The serum IL-15 level was found to be increased when the total duration of AA was increased (q = 0.30; p = 0.05). The serum cytokine level of IL-17A was found to be decreased when duration of the current episode was longer than 2 years (p < 0.05), but the correlation between IL-17A serum level and duration of the current episode was not confirmed in the Spearman test (q = –0.06; p = 0.68). The serum IL-17A level was found to be significantly decreased when the thyroiditis was present (q = –2.378; p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe increased levels of serum IL-6, IL-15, IL-17A and IFNγ in children suggest imbalance in the serum proinflammatory cytokines production in AA.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a serious epidemiological problem in industrialized countries. The incidence of AD has increased considerably over the last 30 years. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease accompanied by strong itching. It is characterized by typical features depending on age. The parents of children suffering from AD must be prepared to change their lifestyle. They should avoid factors which can promote skin lesions and apply appropriate, regular skin care. The article describes primary prevention of AD as well as prophylactic measures to avoid skin eczema. It presents the role of infections, vaccinations, breastfeeding and the influence of domestic animals, house renovation and moulds on development of AD. The article also describes the significance of the epidermal barrier, skin colonization by microbial agents, pruritus, stress, food and inhalant allergy among people who suffer from AD.