Excessive tourist traffic concentration in cities of high tourist attractiveness often leads to overtourism, manifested, among others, by overcrowding in appealing areas and means of transport, rising prices, or degradation of natural and cultural resources. The effects of an excessive number of tourists include an unfavourable change in the local community's attitude towards tourists. The paper determines the extent and forms of overtourism symptoms in Wrocław, Poland. The research allowed for the identification of negative and positive effects of tourist traffic in Wrocław as perceived by three groups of respondents: experts, Wrocław residents: key experts from the scientific, administrative, planning, and business communities; people directly involved in tourist services; and students of tourism. The crucial part was direct research, conducted in November 2019 with a questionnaire technique. The results confirm symptoms of overtourism in Wrocław, but the threat is not significant. The article shows specific potential overtourism threat factors; the respondents' opinions did not significantly differ between the groups. The presented findings and conclusions may be useful in developing the tourism policy of this and other cities, especially regarding sustainable development of tourism and the potential threat imposed by overtourism. The methodology may be used in similar comparative studies in other cities.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the human resources management of regional tourism organizations (RTOs) in Poland as a condition for organization effectiveness and presents a model of RTO operation in destination management organizations for improved effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach The study was of qualitative nature because of the scope of the examined features and analyses of RTO effectiveness (here in relation to human resources). The research involved the following stages: desk research of secondary sources, pilot diagnostic survey and diagnostic survey proper, qualitative and statistical analyses. First, an analysis of secondary sources regarding conditions of RTO operation effectiveness took place. Next, a questionnaire was used to collect empirical data from 137 respondents from the same 13 group types, in equal numbers from each organization in the entire population of 16 RTOs. Findings The research identified 197 organizational effectiveness variables, in four feature groups: the effectiveness of statutory and economic objectives, stakeholders’ benefits from cooperating with RTOs and general characteristics of RTO operation effectiveness. The findings suggest that the characteristics of RTO employees influence organizational effectiveness, especially from the perspective of the organization’s stakeholders. There is a need for strong support for RTO employee structures as a measure to raise organization effectiveness. Practical implications Specific human resources practices are identified for the effectiveness of non-enterprise organizations (employee character and structure) that constitute an essential component of the management system at regional and national levels. New directions for RTO operations are also proposed. Originality/value The study fills a substantial and identified knowledge gap in assessing organization effectiveness level against the quality characteristics of RTO human resources. The analysis allowed the creation of a multidimensional and universal model of RTO effectiveness investigation, which facilitates comparative analysis of organizations despite their strong diversity. It can be implemented in assessing the effectiveness of other non-enterprise organizations in the context of tourism.

In the authors' opinion, one should look for a new mission for regional tourism organizations in Poland (RTOs), in the face of radical changes in tourism and their high level of organizational maturity. Therefore, our research problem is to identify and settle which model of functioning (cooperation) of RTOs is adequate to their internal and external conditionings, as well as their inherent features-which model would allow them to function effectively. The aim of the paper is to formulate a proposal of a new functional model of RTOs based on networking and cooperation with their stakeholders. The paper includes a coherent and versatile collection of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including a multi-dimensional, innovative questionnaire and multistage method of assessment of RTOs' effectiveness. The authors are determining and estimating a catalogue of features influencing the level of effectiveness of functioning of RTOs; the features describe the character of cooperation between the organization and its environment. In spite of disclosed divergence of ideas on the directions and purposefulness of modification of the existing RTO system, the authors propose an evolutionary system of RTO functioning as a networking organization, indicating the features, actions and tasks that will implement the new model to organizational practice. In consequence this will lead to the increase of effectiveness of the organization and eventually result in changes in the logistics and quality of management of tourist promotion of a region. In the opinion of authors, the proposed method of measuring the effectiveness of RTO network cooperation with its stakeholders should be implemented to the assessment of effectiveness of other tourism management and promotion organizations.

Streszczenie: W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy dotyczącej możliwości skutecznego zarządzania regionami turystycznymi na konkurencyjnym rynku, opartej na funkcjonowaniu regionalnych organizacji turystycznych (ROT) w Polsce, w kilku ujęciach modelowych, a także skutków proponowanych przekształceń w ROT i ich wpływu na rozwój ruchu turystycznego w obszarach recepcji turystycznej. W przeglądzie literatury wskazano na rozbieżności poglądów na temat celowości i kierunków modyfikacji systemu POT-ROT-LOT 1 . Na podstawie idei konsorcjów produktowych i klastrów, DMO (Destination Managment Organization) i współpracy sieciowej zaproponowano trzy modele działania ROT, wskazując na kluczowe cechy pozwalające na wdrożenie tych modeli do praktyki organizacyjnej. W konsekwencji służą one wzrostowi skuteczności działania organizacji, implikując zmiany w logistyce i jakości obsługi ruchu turystycznego w regionach turystycznych.

Abstr actOn the basis of surveys among employees and local community of all national parks in Poland, which were conducted on the basis of in-depth interviews and focus groups, identification and diagnosis of attitudes and the status of cooperation between park managers and the community of adjacent communes (local government, residents, entrepreneurs) were made. Using the PESTEL technique, areas requiring modification of legal regulations as well as building relationships with the environment were established, allowing effective and efficient development of a given national park. Subsequently, at further stages of research, management models of a designated area of sustainable development will be created with a given national park, including all stakeholders (park, residents, state forests, territorial self-government, Nature 2000, entrepreneurs and visitors) that will put the aforementioned stakeholders in the "win-win" position, as much as possible. #0#