Seed plant genera often exhibit intercontinental disjunctions where different species are found on different continents. Many morphologically circumscribed bryophyte species exhibit similar disjunctions. We used nucleotide sequences from the plastid and nuclear genomes to test hypotheses of phylogeography within representatives of the genus Metzgeria: Metzgeria furcata, Metzgeria conjugata, and Metzgeria myriopoda. The first two species have sexual and asexual populations, exhibit disjunctions between North America and Europe, and have been split into separate species, numerous subspecies or varieties. The third species occurs in eastern North America but is not reported from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses resolved three distinct lineages within the morphologically defined species, M. furcata: one in North America, and two in Europe. Similarly, three morphologically cryptic clades of M. conjugata were resolved by the molecular data: northern North America, Europe, and south-eastern North America. For both species, molecular divergence among taxa occurred in the absence of morphological change. In the case of M. myriopoda, all plants from eastern North America were both morphologically uniform and genetically homogeneous (although not identical). The present study provides significant insight into a plant group with complex taxonomy, and indicates that these liverwort taxa with wide distributions, extreme sex ratios, and continental disjunctions harbor cryptic lineages. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 745-756

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The use of external thermal insulation systems (ETICs) is a powerful instrument in the energetic improvement of residential buildings. With that measure, the façade surface is thermally decoupled from the wall construction and consequently the humidity balance on the façade changes. This fact leads to better conditions for the growth of microorganisms. Therefore biocidal ingredients are often added to façade coatings. To evaluate the effectiveness and the durability of biocidal equipped façade coatings a comprehensive research project was conducted at the Holzkirchen branch of the Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics. 33 different types of façade coatings were applied to test specimen and exposed to real weathering conditions for five years. The general efficiency of the biocidal equipping of façade coatings could be proven. The development of biological growth on biocidal equipped façade coatings was significantly reduced, showing much less species than without biocide. Depending on the type of the coating, different biocides show a varying durability within the coatings. This has an influence on the species involved in the primary colonization. The biocide content in the coating itself allows no prediction of the susceptibility to biological growth. Façade coatings with biocidal paints showed better results than biocidal renders without additional paint coating

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Die optische Beeinträchtigung von Fassaden und Außenbauteilen durch biologischen Aufwuchs wird zunehmend als wissenschaftliche und industrielle Thematik erkannt. Zahlreiche Autoren diskutieren mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen, während hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung des Aufwuchses noch große Unsicherheit besteht. In einem interdisziplinären Projekt am Fraunhofer‐Institut für Bauphysik (IBP) werden derzeit zusätzlich zu den biologischen auch die chemisch‐physikalischen Vorgänge untersucht und dokumentiert, deren vorläufige taxonomische Ergebnisse vorgestellt werden. Bislang wurden mehr als 80 verschiedene Algen, Flechten, Moose und Farne als Besiedler von Außenbauteilen beobachtet und dokumentiert.