Driving requires continuous decision making from a driver taking into account all available relevant information. Automating driving tasks also automates the related decisions. However, humans are very good at dealing with bad quality, fuzzy, informal and incomplete information, whereas machines generally require solid quality information in a formalized format. Therefore, the development of automated driving functions relies on the availability of machine-usable information. A digital twin contains quality controlled information collected and augmented from different sources, ready to be supplied to such an automated driving function. An information model that describes all conceivably relevant information is necessary. To this end, a list of requirements that such an information model should meet is proposed and each requirement is argued for. Based on the anticipated services and applications that such a system should support, a collection of requirements for system architecture is derived. Information modeling is performed for selected relevant information groups. A system architecture has been proposed and validated with three different implementations, addressing several different applications to support decisions at a highway tunnel construction site in Austria and throughout the Test Bed Lower Saxony in Germany.

No abstract

In the original version of the Chapter 5 (Truck Platoon Slipstream Effects Assessment) and Chapter 6 (Validation of Truck Platoon Slipstream Effects), the author “Dr. Christoph Irrenfried” name was not included as a co-author. This has now been rectified and the author’s name has been included.The chapters and the book have been updated with the changes.

CVIS, Safespot and COOPERS -the three IPs on co-operative services and integrated systems in Europe's Framework Programme 6 -have successfully accomplished significant progress in terms of soundingout what is technologically feasible and valued by selected European drivers. In a next step, EC has successfully called for large-scale FOTs on co-operative services.However, the concept of a large-scale field operational test on co-operative services is not only a new projecttype within European telematics research and deployment but is itself an instrument for setting the scene and lobbying for specific stakeholders' interests. The resulting concept-space for field operational tests is however not yet entirely clear.The purpose of this paper is to draw a landscape of what is out there in terms of competing concepts for field operational tests in order to make large-scale FOTs on co-operative services an attractive work environment for the best key individuals -who are currently rather shying away or on inner retreats. This is highly important and claimed to be the key question on marketing co-operative services in the years to come.We first describe the situation in Europe from a strategic gap analysis -the perspective of Geoffrey Moore's concept of "inside the tornado" or in more general terms from a diffusion-of-innovation-theory point of view. We then discuss different stakeholder groups' emerging strategies to shape and influence the concept of field operational tests for co-operative services and systems. Given the limited space we present six rather different concepts on how a field operational test obviously is seen. From a discussion of these different approaches we prepare the ground for condensing the perspective on what is helpful or more helpful for cooperative systems from a take-up and deployment perspective. We elaborate on a first SWOT analysis of the given European status quo.

<p>Driving requires continuous decision making from a driver taking into account all available relevant information. Automating driving tasks also automates the related decisions. However, humans are very good at dealing with bad quality, fuzzy, informal and incomplete information, whereas machines generally require solid quality information in a formalized format. Therefore, the development of automated driving functions relies on the availability of machine-usable information. A digital twin contains quality controlled information collected and augmented from different sources, ready to be supplied to such an automated driving function. An information model that describes all conceivably relevant information is necessary. To this end, a list of requirements that such an information model should meet is proposed and each requirement is argued for. Based on the anticipated services and applications that such a system should support, a collection of requirements for system architecture is derived. Information modeling is performed for selected relevant information groups. A system architecture has been proposed and validated with three different implementations, addressing several different applications to support decisions at a highway tunnel construction site in Austria and throughout the Test Bed Lower Saxony in Germany. </p>