A new phylogenetic system of the Noctuidae is proposed. The system should, however, be regarded as provisional because it is primarily based on only two character complexes: the male genitalia and the tympanal region. The presence of preabdominal brush‐organs and the length of tibial spurs in the adult male, the presence of a ventral cervical gland and the lack of the SV 2 setae on the first abdominal segment of the larvae are considered. The results confirm the monophyly of the Noctuidae. The Herminiinae are considered to represent the sister‐group of all other Noctuidae. Remaining noctuid subfamilies are grouped in a series of clades for which the corresponding autapomorphies are given. Some formerly accepted subfamilies, such as the Acontiinae, prove to be polyphyletic. Accordingly, these subfamilies are subdivided into separate lineages. A sister‐group relationship between the Noctuidae and the Aganaidae is supported. These two families may be united with the Arctiidae to form a still broader clade.

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Catocala amnonfreidbergi sp. n. from Israel, Upper Galilee (Nahal Bezet), is described and distinguished from the closely related Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767). In addition, the habitat of the species is characterised and figured.