The new communication standard IEC 61850 is now introduced to substation automation replacing all wires by serial communication. Based on mainstream communication means like Ethernet it profits from a high flexibility regarding communication architectures. But any solution has to fulfill all reliability requirements resulting from the safety-critical mission of substation automation for a reliable power supply in transmission and distribution grids. To achieve this goal typical types of SA communication architectures are investigated starting from the relevant properties of IEC 61850, using proper reliability definitions and common failure modes. The relevant reliability figures are calculated. Different levels of redundancy, their limits for reliability and impact on the distributed functions are considered. The results clearly indicate what types of architectures have to be applied for the requested reliability of substation automation functions. This includes also function allocation and proposals for amending the standard.

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Abslrocl-In a substation, a lot of distributed, safety related functions have to be performed. IEC 61850 is intended to replace all wires by serial communication. To achieve this goal IEC 61850 has to fulfill hard real-time criteria. Starting from the definition of these criteria the communication methods of IEC 61850 are investigated. The result shows the feasibility of these methods for interlocking and illustrates their usage. Some application rules are given.

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A simple, sector specific webtool was developed within the EU funded 'LCA to go' project, to enable SMEs to perform first environmental assessments of their industrial machines and machine tools. The tool was applied together with several SMEs, sixteen of which provided feedback on their user experience, applicability, value of the results and future plans with the tool. The software flow of the webtool is presented together with a summary of the outcome of the case studies. Based on the feedback and the application of the webtool further development options for the sector specific tool were developed.