A synopsis of the exindusiate species of Dryopteris occurring in the area of the Flore d’Afrique Centrale (D.R.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) is provided. Three species occur in the area. Dryopteris schizopaleata sp. nov., a new species from Rwanda, is described here. It differs from all other Dryopteris species occurring in the area in the stipe scales that are broadly ovate, with a fimbriate apex, divided into long uniseriate, irregular fissures and without glands. D. manniana is recorded for D.R.Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. D. ruwenzoriensis occurs in the Ruwenzori mountains in Eastern D.R.Congo and Western Uganda, and the Virunga Volcanoes in Eastern D.R.Congo and Rwanda. A key to the three species is provided.

The genus Muscari Miller (1754: 926; Asparagaceae) comprises about 80 species (Böhnert et al. 2023) of mainly spring-flowering geophytes and, like many other genera in the Mediterranean, it has a long and turbulent taxonomic history (Garbari & Greuter 1970, Davis & Stuart 1980, Speta 1982). The most recent attempt to formalize the generic boundaries was made by using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data resulting in a comprehensive generic treatment in its widest sense that accepts five subgenera, of which one is described as new (Böhnert et al. 2023). The genus in its current circumscription sensu Böhnert et al. (2023) is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region, but reaches as far as temperate Europe in the west to Afghanistan in the east (Davis & Stuart 1980, Breckle & Rafiqpoor 2010), while Turkey and Greece must be regarded as centres of species diversity for the genus (Davis & Stuart 1984, Dimopoulos et al. 2013, Böhnert & Lobin 2017). Several species have attracted horticultural attention for centuries and subsequently many species have been described from cultivation, which led to a complex taxonomic situation, and several taxonomic names still remain without typification.

Forty-four species of Asplenium and one species of Hymenasplenium are recorded for Rwanda. Three species, Asplenium markusbeckeri Eb.Fisch. & Lobin, A. ramicola Eb.Fisch. & Lobin, and A. uschiae Eb.Fisch. & Lobin are described as new to science. The new species are illustrated and their affinities are discussed. Eleven species represent new country records for Rwanda: Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. adiantum-nigrum, A. africanum, A. boltonii, A. burundense, A. cancellatum, A. ceii, A. christii, A. inaequilaterale, A. lividum, A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens and Hymenasplenium kenyense. A key to all Aspleniaceae recorded from Rwanda is provided, and representative specimens from Rwanda are cited. The phytogeography of the Aspleniaceae of Rwanda is discussed. Two lectotypes are designated for Asplenium mildbraedii and A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens. Three species previously recorded for Rwanda (Asplenium goetzei, A. kassneri, A. lademannianum) are excluded from the flora.

A synoptic revision of Diplazium in Rwanda is provided. Two species, Diplazium humbertii and D. zanzibaricum had already been recorded for the country. Here we describe D. cyamudongoense sp. nov. that can be readily distinguished by the long and brittle scales at the base of the stipe. A key to the species is provided. The spores of the three studied species are documented and compared.