Sequential bypass grafts were associated with higher mean flows and superior mid-term patency compared with individual grafts. These findings suggest the more favorable results of sequential bypass grafting to be attributed to the enhanced flow hemodynamics.

Although giant LA is known to be a predictor of poor outcomes after the maze procedure, younger patients had more favorable rhythm outcomes than older patients, as shown by the superior freedom from AF recurrence. A more aggressive surgical approach in younger patients might eliminate AF, even in the presence of a giant LA.