Houttuynia cordata has a long history of use in indigenous systems of medicine as an antiseptic, febrifuge, diuretic, and deobstruant. It is frequently used in many traditional medicines for its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiinflammatory properties. [1][2][3][4] H. cordata contains of methyl nonyl ketone, caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, a-pinene, b-pinene, limonene, and other components. These components have antibacterial properties against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Sarcina ureae. 5) In experimental studies, H. cordata exhibited antibacterial activity, antileukemic activity, antiinflammatory activity, anaphylactic reaction and mast cell activation, and modulated nitric oxide (NO) production. [6][7][8][9][10] However, to date, studies to understand the other antibacterial effects, including the intracellularly replicating pathogens of these plants, are lacking.The mammalian immune response is divided broadly into the innate and adaptive responses. Innate immune responses of mammals involve the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, including the release of antimicrobial peptides at epithelial surfaces, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of microorganisms by phagocytes and the activation of the complement cascade. In contrast, the adaptive immune response is antigen specific and modified by previous antigen exposure. 11) In the innate immune response, the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) such as superoxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) such as NO have a key role in intracellular killing of microorganisms within phagocytes. 12)Several studies reported that RNIs are important for controlling Salmonella multiplication within macrophages. 13,14)Salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes a variety of disease syndromes, from self-limiting enteritis to fatal infection in animals and food-borne infection and typhoid fever in humans.15) The etiologic agents of salmonellosis are Salmonella sp. characterized by motile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and facultative intracellular pathogens that can multiply within professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. Recently, the emergence of multidrugresistant strains of Salmonella sp. has caused more serious problems in public health.16) Multidrug resistance is a worldwide problem that does not recognize international borders and can indiscriminately affect the treatment and prevention of various diseases.To kill intracellular bacteria including Salmonella sp., Brucella sp., Listeria sp., Shigella sp., etc., much effort is needed to develop antibiotics, determine treatment duration, and resolve other issues.In this study, we examined the antibacterial effects, and macrophage activation of H. cordata water extract (HCWE) such as morphologic changes, NO production, phagocytic activity, and effects against the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo. Salmonellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis that causes a variety of disease syndromes, from self-limiting enteritis to fatal infec...

The present study demonstrates an application of Parallux (a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay) for amoxicillin analysis in fish tissue. Amoxicillin at the recommended therapeutic dose (400 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to three groups of 25 olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ), 25 rockfish ( Sebastes schlegeli ) and 25 red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) for 7 consecutive days. Amoxicillin was detected in the muscle of fish treated by the 3rd day of the withdrawal period. The recovery rates of all spiked muscle samples were > 86% of the spiked values. The present study showed that solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay can be easily adopted in predicting amoxicillin residues in the muscle tissue of farmed fish.

ABSTRACT. A study was performed to determine the residues in blood and edible tissues of healthy ducks (25 days old, mean body weight 1.0 ± 0.13 kg) after subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur sodium at a dose rate of 2 mg/kg body weight (Group I) and 4 mg/kg body weight (Group II). Blood, muscle, liver, kidney, and fat samples were collected from all of ducks on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th day after treatment of drug, and ceftiofur was analyzed with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with results reported as ceftiofur-free acid equivalent (CFAE). To study the spiked recovery, blank plasma and tissues were spiked with two different concentrations of ceftiofur sodium (0.1, 0.5 µg/g). Average recovery values for all samples ranged from 70.3 to 87.3%. In the group I, desfuroylceftiofur acetamide (DCA) was not detected in all of plasma, muscle, liver, and fat tissues on the 1st day after treatment. But, kidney samples on the 1st day were detected DCA (0.059 ± 0.01 µg CFAE/g tissue). On the 2nd day of post-treatment, the concentrations of DCA in all tissues were lower than the detection limit, 0.05 µg CFAE /g tissue. In the group II on the 1st day after treatment, the concentration of DCA was 0.124 ± 0.06 µg CFAE/g tissue, 0.103 ± 0.03 µg CFAE/g tissue, and 0.071 ± 0.010 µg CFAE/g tissue in plasma, kidney, and muscle samples, respectively. On the 2nd day after treatment of ceftiofur, the concentrations of DCA in all tissues were lower than 0.05 µg CFAE/g tissue. According to our results, the concentrations of DCA on the 1st day after treatment with 2 mg/ kg body weight were below 0.05 µg CFAE/g tissue equivalent in all tissues except for kidney. On the 2nd day after administration at the dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, no DCA was also detected in all of the tissues although DCA was detected in all samples on the 1st day.

ABSTRACT. Parallux TM , a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay (SPFIA) developed for antibotics residue detection in milk, was applied for analysis of fish tissue. The recommended therapeutic doses of oxytetracycline (OTC, 100 g/ton water, withdrawal period 30 days) and tetracycline (TC, 150 g/ton water, withdrawal period 30 days) were treated to a group of 35 olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) using dipping administration. Muscle was sampled before and after drug treatment 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th day. The concentration of oxytetracycline in muscle, determined by SPFIA, was compared with that of internal standard (100 ppb as oxytetracycline). The S/C ratio of sample inhibition value to cutoff inhibition value was employed as an index to determine the muscle residue in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, and standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in muscle of 0.1 and 0.5 µg/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were >89% of the spiked value. OTC and TC were detected in muscle of fishes treated until the 3rd day of withdrawal period. The present study showed that the SPFIA can be easily adopted in predicting tissue residues for OTC and TC in farmed fishes. KEY WORDS: flounder, solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay, tetracycline antibiotics.

Over the last years singulation of thin semiconductor wafers with (ultra) low-κ top layer has become a challenge in the production process of integrated circuits. The traditional blade dicing process is encountering serious yield issues. These issues can be addressed by applying a laser grooving process prior to the blade dicing, which is the process of reference nowadays. However, as the wafers are becoming thinner this process flow is not providing the yield and productivity required. In this article the unique ASMPT multi beam technology is presented which addresses both concerns and enables a high productivity laser dicing process with a limited heat affected zone and sufficient die strength.