We studied the effect of 4-acetyl-12,13-epoxyl-9-trichothecene-3, 15-diol (AETD) isolated from Isaria japonica, one of the most popular Chinese fungal medicines, on the induction of apoptosis in rat bladder carcinoma NBT-II cells. AETD was cytotoxic to NBT-II cells, and this cytotoxic effect appears to be attributed to its induction of apoptotic cell death, as AETD induced nuclear morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and increased the proportion of hypodiploid cells and activity of caspase-3. AETD treatment also decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. These results provide important information in understanding the mechanism(s) of AETD-induced apoptosis.

The purpose of this paper is to search the direction of the development of self-study business Korean textbooks for Japanese officers. In many cases, Japanese officers have to learn Korean, the language of their trading partner, on their own for work efficiency. However, textbooks for them are significantly lacking. We suggested the development direction of self-study business textbooks as follows. First, a B5 size textbook is suitable for self-study learner. Second, visual materials such as photos and illustrations should be used and Japanese explanations should be added to help learners understand the contents. Third, realistic pronunciations should be presented and the appendix for supplementary explanations should be actively used. Fourth, self-evaluation should be conducted for each unit so that learners can check their own learning. Fifth, Korea's diverse corporate culture should be introduced. And we present the contents of the self-study business textbook for Japanese according to the direction of development.

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