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The conventional gravity modcl is revised for a single commodity and applicd to meat markets to determine factors affccting trade flows of meat. This study dcrnonstratcs that the gravit y model for a single agricultural commodity can be paramcterized more effectively by using tirnc series and cross-section data rather than cross-section data alonc. This study rcvcals that tradc policies and subsidics uscd by cxporting and importing coun tries, Iivestock production capacity in countrics, and distances play an important role in detcrrnining trade Ilows of meat.Long-terni agreements achievc the highcst performance toward cnhancing international meat trade. lmport quotas and the hoof-and-rnouth disease on becf greatly impair meat trade.

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The cointegration analysis and a vector error-correction (VEC) model are applied to examine the short-and long-run relationships among foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and the environment in China and India. The results show that FDI inflow plays a pivotal role in determining the short-and long-run movement of economic growth through capital accumulation and technical spillovers in the two countries. However, FDI inflow in both countries is found to have a detrimental effect on environmental quality in both the short-and long-run, supporting pollution haven hypothesis. Finally, it is found that, in the short-run, there exists a unidirectional causality from FDI inflow to economic growth and the environment in China and India ─ a change in FDI inflow causes a consequence change in environmental quality and economic growth, but the reverse does not hold.