Mung bean is one of the important annual self-pollinated pulse crops. The study was conducted at Sankura wereda Jejebicho Kebele in 2020/21 main cropping season on Jejebicho research station of WGARC. We used mung bean variety called ‘Arkebe’’ released by HARC. This study was conducted to determine the optimum row spacing and phosphorus fertilizer rate for better grain yield of mung bean and to assess the economic value of using P for Mung bean production. The analysis data showed that, branch number per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, above ground biomass yield, grain yield and harvest index of were significantly affected by due to the interaction effects of both Phosphorus fertilizer application and intra row spacing. The highest branch number per plant (8.55), number of pods per plant (31.17), number of seed per pod (13.45), above ground biomass yield (8901.5kg ha-1), grain yield (2500.6 kg ha-1) was obtained from the application of 60 kg P2 O5 ha-1 and 10cm intra row spacing but, maximum harvest index was from the application of 40 kg P2 O5 ha-1 and 15cm intra row spacing. that the highest mean net benefit (87307.56 ETB ha-1) with acceptable MRR (720%) was obtained in the application of 60 kg P2 O5 ha-1 with 40cm x10 cm row spacing. In contrast, the lowest mean net benefit (38,873.03 ETB ha-1) was obtained from the control (unfertilized) plot 40cm x 5cm row spacing. So, application of 60 kg P2 O5 ha-1 with 10 cm x 40cm row spacing is best and economical to mung production for farmers in the study area and similar agro-ecologies.

Maize is among the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. Intercropping results in high overall system productivity on a given piece of land due to efficient use of the available plant growth resources. Field experiment was conducted to were to evaluate and select the cropping systems and best performing common bean varieties in intercropping with maize at jejebicho research station for higher productivity and profitability in southern parts of Ethiopia, under Wondo genet Agricultural Research Center at Sankura wereda, Jejebicho research station in 2019/20 cropping season. Three varieties of common bean (Deme, KAT-B1 and Awash-2) and were intercropped with two maize varieties (Limu and Shone). The three common bean varieties and two maize varieties were included as a sole for comparison. Randomized complete block design in factorial with three replications was used. Aboveground biomass, days to tasseling, hundred kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index of maize were significantly affected by varieties of common bean, cropping system was also significantly affected leaf area, leaf index, days to tasseling, days to physiological maturity and grain yield of maize but their interaction effect were non significantly affected. Days to tasseling of maize were delayed (81.50 days) and hastened (74.23 days) by variety Awash-2 and Deme, respectively as compared to KAT-B1. The wider leaf area (910.20cm 2 ) was measured from intercropped maize than sole and the larger leaf area index (3.79) was also recorded from intercropped maize than sole one. Days to tasseling of maize were delayed (80.80 days) at sole cropped of maize. The longer days to physiological maturity (143.84 days) of maize was taken from sole cropping of maize. The highest grain yield (7.60 ton/ha) of maize was taken from Shone intercropped with Awash-2 as compared to varieties. In cropping system, the maximum grain yield (7.12 ton/ha) of maize was obtained from intercropped of it. Plant height, branch number per plant, number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant, days to physiological maturity, aboveground biomass, hundred kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index of common bean. The longest plant (132.13cm) was measured from Deme intercropped with Limu. The highest (5.17) number of branches was counted at Deme intercropped with Limu. The highest number of pods per plant and number of seed per pod (10.92 and 4.63) was counted at Deme intercropped with Limu and Limu with Awash-2 respectively. The highest grain yield (22.38 ton/ha) was obtained when Shone intercropped with Deme. The highest partial land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize and common bean non significantly affected by varieties of both. Monitory advantage index was also non significantly affected. However, the highest value of monetary advantage index (105,359 ETB ha -1 ) was obtained at Shone intercropped with Deme. Therefore, any of the two (Limu or Shone) maize varieties could be recommended for intercropping with Deme of common bean variety.

Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from the tropical to sub-tropical areas around the world. Mung bean has good potential for crop rotation system, for crops under drier farmland cultivation areas and ability of growing on dry and irrigated conditions. Mung bean has considerable importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to improve soil fertility) aspects. Sowing of mung bean mainly occurs during summer when sufficient rain is available for growth but it is sensitive to waterlogging. It is grown in several types of cultivation systems, including sole cropping, intercropping, multiple cropping and relay cropping, where it is planted after cereals using residual moisture. Mung bean accounts insufficient amount of cultivation practice for food and fodder. Mung bean has considerable importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to improve soil fertility) aspects. The huge constraints of pulse crop value-chain production, aggregation and trading, and demand sinks/export. Productivity is below potential due to low input usage, especially chemical fertilizers inability to increase yields, limited availability of seed, limited familiarity with the variety of existing seed types, and limited usage of modern agronomic practices. The link between the producers and the export markets is weak, due to the large number of ineffective intermediaries operating in the value chain. The fragmentation of intermediaries between the producer and consumer markets creates a lack of transparency in markets. We have to support the farmers with recommended agronomic packages, we have to protect disease and insect pest, improved varieties, recommended fertilizer should be applied for better grain yield production of mung bean.

Crop diversification, need to maintain current levels of cropped area for food and other uses have made use of intercropping important. The trap nature of medicinal aromatic plants and has a great role for vegetable crops important for protecting damage of fruits from insect pest attack, extend the shelf life of it, maintain the quality during transportation to market like African marigold. Intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with different horticultural plants has a great role reducing the post-harvest yield loss, maintain the quality of fruits and increase its shelf life in storage. The aromatic nature and essential oil of MAPs enables to protect soil borne nematodes; they also protect these nematodes diseases by suppressing its adventus root system. The presence of other crops in intercropping the volatile oil is reduced because of shade. However, shading of the component crops has a negative effect on essential growth, biomass yield, oil content, composition and quality oil of MAPs. Medicinal aromatic plants are also significantly increase soil organic nitrogen, soil water content, decreased pH values and available nitrogen content. Intercropping of MAPs with other crops offers congenial conditions which it results the improvement in resource use efficiency in terms of productivity and net return per unit area.

Intercropping of African marigolds between tomatoes protects the tomato plants from harmful root-knot nematodes in the soil and increase the marketable fruit yield of tomato by trapping different insects and pest attack and the like. Field experiment was conducted to assess effect of plant densities of intercropped African Marigold Varieties on yield related traits and yield of the associated crops and to evaluate the productivity and economic value of tomato and African marigold intercropping system, in southern parts of Ethiopia, at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in 2017/18 cropping season. Three varieties of African marigold (AVT 001, AVT 540 and AVT 7063) at three population densities (PD) (25%, 50%, and 75%) were intercropped with tomato variety 'Melk shola'. The three varieties of African marigold (AFM) and tomato were included as a sole for comparison. Randomized complete block design in factorial with three replications was used. The varieties of AFM significantly affected plant (PH), essential oil content (EOC) and essential oil yield (EOY). The tallest plant (55.36 cm) of AFM was due to AVT 001 than other varieties. Variety AVT 540 gave the highest EOC (0.21) and EOY (7.55 kg ha -1 ) than other two varieties. Sole planted African marigold produced significantly higher (55.73) number of fresh flowers per plant than the intercropped (50.04). Cropping system was significantly affected number of branch (NBPP) and number of fresh flowers per plant (NFFPP). The highest NBPP (24.91) and NFFPP (55.73) were obtained from sole planting of AFM. The highest NBPP (23.15) and NFFPP (50.07) were recorded from 50% PD. of AFM. The highest fresh flower yield (45,860 kg ha -1 ), dry flower weight per hectare (5,360 kg ha -1 ), EOC (0.17) and EOY (9.36 kg ha -1 ) were due to 75% PD. The highest (0.84) partial land equivalent ratio (LER) of tomato and total LER (1.43) were due to 50% PD. The highest value of monetary advantage index (37,225 ETB ha -1 ) was due to 50% PD. Therefore, any of the three African marigold varieties at 50% PD could be recommended for intercropping with tomato.