The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN) contaminants in animal feeds used in Korea in 2012. Contamination with DON was observed in 91.33% and 53.33% in compound feeds and feed ingredients, respectively. Among compound feeds, poultry layer feed (laying) exhibited the highest contaminant level of 1.492 mg/kg. FBs contaminants were present in compound feeds and feed ingredients at 93.33% and 83.33%, respectively. Most poultry broiler (early) feeds were highly contaminated with FBs, and one of these feeds detected the level as 12.823 mg/kg as the highest level. The levels of ZEN in compound feeds and feed ingredients were 71.33% and 47%, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of compound feeds for cattle were contaminated with ZEN, and the highest contamination level of 0.405 mg/kg was observed in cattle fatting feeds.

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The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions of Fusarium solani KCCM90040 on cereal grain for the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide, a novel low-molecular-weight cyclic pentadepsipeptide exhibiting cytotoxic and multidrug resistance reversal effects. From the analysis of variance results using response surface methodology, temperature, initial moisture content, and growth time were shown to be important parameters for the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide on cereal grain. A model was established in the present study to describe the relationship between environmental conditions and the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide on rice, the selected cereal grain. The optimal culture conditions were determined at 25.79°C with the initial moisture content of 40.79%, and 16.19 days of growth time. This report will give important information concerning the optimization of environmental conditions using statistic methodology for the production of a new cyclic pentadepsipeptide from fungi.Key words: cyclic pentadepsipeptides; Fusarium solani; environmental conditions; response surface methodology Various reviews of peptides from fungi have revealed that Fusarium strains found in fungi-infected plants produce several cyclic depsipeptides such as beauvericin, 1) enniatins, 2,3) zygosporamide, 4) and neosansalvamide analogs 5,6) via the non-ribosomal peptide synthesis system. 7,8) These cyclic depsipetides exhibit numerous pharmaceutical benefits such as cytotoxic, 9,10) antifungal, 11) and antibiotic 1) effects as well as calcium channel antagonism.12) Another cytotoxic cyclic pentadepsipeptides, sansalvamide analogs, were produced by Fusarium strains. 13,14) Sansalvamide A was first reported from the marine micro-organism Halodule wrightii, 14)This N-methylated sansalvamide exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity in a National Cancer Institute human tumor cell line screen (EC 50 = 8.3 μmol).14) Sansalvamide showed cytototoxic potency against HCT116 (colon carcinoma), COLO205 (colon), and SK-MEL-2 (melanoma) cancer cell lines with EC 50 values of 9.8, 3.5, and 5.9 μg/mL, respectively. 13) Sansalvamide and its analogs, which were produced by organic synthesis, caused marked time-and concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. [15][16][17] Furthermore, sansalvamide and its analogs showed a strong cytotoxic effect against multidrug resistance (MDR) human colon cancer cell lines.18) These anticancer effects of sansalvamide analogs can be attributed to their inhibition of topoisomerase I, and their cytotoxicity may be mediated by this mechanism.17,19) Sansalvamide analogs exhibited cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, suggesting that they could be valuable therapeutic agents. 17,18) Our research group isolated several Fusarium strains producing different cyclic depsipeptides including enniatins H, I, and MK1688 with beauvericin. 20) Interestingly, one isolate (Fusarium solani KCCM90040) produced a novel cyclic pentadepsipeptide, n...