Introduction: Clozapine is an antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia recurrence or when other antipsychotics are not effective. Aims: This study aims to determine the therapeutic outcome and adverse drug reactions of clozapine in schizophrenia disorder among hospitalised patients. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and December 2019 using inpatients’ medical records from the Grhasia Psychiatric Hospital, Yogyakarta. The therapeutic outcome was measured with the PANSS-EC scale, while adverse drug reactions of clozapine were analysed theoretically as per the literature. Results: The average decrease in the PANSS-EC score was 8.27, and the average duration to achieve this decrease was 2.5 days. The combination of typical-atypical antipsychotics could reduce the highest PANSS-EC score of 11-15 (41%). The adverse drug reactions of clozapine were tremor, weight gain, obesity, leucopenia, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia, among other effects. Conclusion: Clozapine is effective in improving positive and negative symptoms, but its use needs close monitoring.

Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental illness that affects more than 21 million people worldwide of the population with significant impact on the quality of life of those who suffer from it. Because the disorder is multifaceted, treatment should address all aspects of it. Efforts to improve outcomes for people with mental illnesses frequently include incorporating the skills of various health professionals into collaborative care models. In schizophrenia outpatients, clinical pharmacy plays a critical role in ambulatory care. Pharmacists increased patient interest in health counseling regarding behavior during counseling and even initiated direct patient counseling or referrals. In conclusion, the role of clinical pharmacist in schizophrenia outpatients is as follows: educate patients and their families; maintain medication compliance in patients; create a collaborative teamwork environment and keep track of drug side effects. Family support is required in Indonesia to help schizophrenic patients recover, and education about how to stop shackling for family members with schizophrenia is critical. Given the negative stigma attached to patients and the prevalent culture of shackling, the role of pharmacists in collaborative teams with other health workers is critical in Indonesia in the future.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disease with the highest prevalence in paediatrics. Using anti-epileptic drug as monotherapy is the first-line therapy for paediatrics based on risk-benefit ratio consideration in the patients effectiveness and adverse drug reaction of anti-epileptic monotherapy drug for the cognitive function in paediatric patients. Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess effectivity and adverse drug reaction of anti-epileptic monotherapy drug for the cognitive function in paediatric patients. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. This study used patients from the Dr. Sardjito hospital’s outpatient paediatric unit’s Neurology division from May to July 2013 and May to June 2019 to select the subjects. Patient questionnaires and medical records provided the data that was used. Effectiveness was assessed by seizure severity with Hague Seizure Severity Scale (HASSS) questionnaire and seizure frequency, while adverse drug reactions in cognitive function were assessed by the PESQ (Pediatric Epilepsy Side Effect Questionnaire) instrument. Results: In total, 29 patients received monotherapy, with 26 patients (89.66%) receiving valproate, two (6.89%) receiving phenytoin, and one (3.45%) receiving phenobarbital. A total 89.66% of patients did not have severe seizures, but 6.90% had moderate seizures. The cognitive function of epileptic patients with co-morbidities receiving valproate monotherapy had moderate (27.59%) and severe (20.69%) side effects. The adverse drug reaction experienced in epileptic patients without co-morbidities using valproate was with the cognitive function, with 6.89% of patients experiencing severe effects, 13.79% moderate and 20.69% mild effects. Conclusion: While anti-epileptic monotherapy can control seizures in children, the commonly prescribed valproate can impair cognitive function, especially in those with co-morbidities.