The insertion of dental implants in combination with maxillary sinus floor elevation is a predictable treatment method showing high implant survival rates and low incidences of surgical complications. The best results (98.3% implant survival after 3 years) were obtained using rough surface implants with membrane coverage of the lateral window.

Survival rates of implants placed in transalveolar sinus floor augmentation sites are comparable to those in non-augmented sites. This technique is predictable with a low incidence of complications during and post-operatively.

MicroRNAs are tiny RNA molecules which serve as important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs has been observed in human cancers, indicating that microRNAs may function as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. To date, the microRNAs encoded by the oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster, and its paralog the miR-106b-25 cluster, are among those which are differentially expressed in human cancers. In this study, we examined and confirmed the over-expression of these clusters in hepatocellular carcinoma and in hepatoma-derived cells. At least 50% of the tumor samples showed a greater than two-fold increase in the expression for miR-18 and for the miR-106b-25 cluster when compared with the corresponding paired non-tumor samples. Knock-down studies for the miR-106b-25 cluster, which includes miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25, showed that the expression of the cluster is necessary for cell proliferation and for anchorageindependent growth. In tumors with high expression of this cluster, reduced expression of the BH3-only protein Bim, a miR-25 target, was observed. We further identified the transcription factor E2F1 as a target gene for miR-106b and miR-93 and it is likely that one of the roles of the miR-106b-25 cluster is to prevent excessively high E2F1 expression, which may then cause apoptosis. We conclude that there is aberrant expression of microRNAs encoded by the oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster and the miR-106b-25 cluster in hepatocellular carcinoma. The consistent overexpression of the miR-106b-25 cluster and its role in cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth points to the oncogenic potential of this cluster. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1234-1242) M icroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNA molecules which are transcribed as long primary transcripts, processed to the precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA), and further processed to yield approximately 22-nucleotide duplexes of which one arm gives rise to the mature miRNA.(1) Depending on the degree of complementarity, binding of miRNA to its target mRNA can result in either cleavage of the target or in translation repression.(2-4) Despite a comprehensive registry of known miRNAs and the genes which encode them (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/), knowledge of exactly which mRNA and processes each miRNA regulates is incomplete. Studies have shown that miRNAs can influence diverse pathways and affect many physiological processes including metabolism, development, differentiation, and apoptosis.(5-8) Altered expression of miRNAs has been demonstrated in various human cancers including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, (9) lung cancer, (10)(11)(12) colorectal neoplasia, (13,14) breast cancer, (15) and several types of lymphoma. (16)(17)(18)(19) This suggests that miRNAs might function as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. (20) MicroRNA genes can occur in clusters and these are transcribed as polycistronic transcripts. To date, the miR-17-92 cluster is the best characterized. The miRNAs encoded by this cluster are overexpressed in many ...

The past two decades have seen increasing sophistication in software work. Now and in the future, the work of both practitioners and researchers would be helped by a more objective and finer granularity recognition of types of software evolution and software maintenance activities as actually done. To these ends, this paper proposes a clarifying redefinition of the types of software evolution and software maintenance. The paper bases the proposed classification not on people's intentions but upon objective evidence of maintainers' activities ascertainable from observation of activities and artifacts, and/or a before and after comparison of the software documentation. The classification includes taking into account in a semi‐hierarchical manner evidence of the change or lack thereof in: (1) the software, (2) the documentation, (3) the properties of the software, and (4) the customer‐experienced functionality. A comparison is made with other classifications and typologies. The paper provides a classified list of maintenance activities and a condensed decision tree as a summary guide to the proposed evidence‐based classification of the types of software evolution and software maintenance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Despite the high survival rate of RBBs, technical complications like debonding are frequent. This in turn means that a substantial amount of extra chair time may be needed following the incorporation of RBBs. There is thus an urgent need for studies with a follow-up time of 10 years or more, to evaluate the long-term outcomes.