amorphous carbon with abundant porosity microcrystal or amorphous carbon particles preparation method pyrolysis of the biomass at medium temperature (400−600 °C) and then functionalization with physical or chemical methods carbonization of the coal, asphalt, or biomass at high temperature (700−1000 °C) under physical or chemical activation combustion of petroleum, coal tar, or asphalt under air-poor conditions
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play major roles in generating highly functionalized terpenoids, but identifying the exact biotransformation step(s) catalyzed by plant CYP in terpenoid biosynthesis is extremely challenging. Tanshinones are abietane-type norditerpenoid naphthoquinones that are the main lipophilic bioactive components of the Chinese medicinal herb danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Whereas the diterpene synthases responsible for the conversion of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate into the abietane miltiradiene, a potential precursor to tanshinones, have been recently described, molecular characterization of further transformation of miltiradiene remains unavailable. Here we report stableisotope labeling results that demonstrate the intermediacy of miltiradiene in tanshinone biosynthesis. We further use a next-generation sequencing approach to identify six candidate CYP genes being coregulated with the diterpene synthase genes in both the rhizome and danshen hairy roots, and demonstrate that one of these, CYP76AH1, catalyzes a unique four-electron oxidation cascade on miltiradiene to produce ferruginol both in vitro and in vivo. We then build upon the previous establishment of miltiradiene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with incorporation of CYP76AH1 and phyto-CYP reductase genes leading to heterologous production of ferruginol at 10.5 mg/L. As ferruginol has been found in many plants including danshen, the results and the approaches that were described here provide a solid foundation to further elucidate the biosynthesis of tanshinones and related diterpenoids. Moreover, these results should facilitate the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of phytoterpenoids.phytoterpenoids biosynthesis | gene discovery | synthetic pathway | metabolic engineering
Lignin valorization is considered as an important part of the modern biorefinery scheme. The unique structure and composition of lignin may offer many effective routes to produce several bulk chemicals and functional materials. Thermochemical conversion of the lignin to synthesize the value-added functional materials has recently attracted lots of attention. In this review, we have presented currently available approaches and strategies for the thermochemical conversion of the lignin to functional carbon materials. The transformation behavior and mechanism of lignin during the thermochemical process (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) are illuminated. The characteristics (structure and surface chemistry) of the lignin-based functional carbon materials are summarized systematically. The advances on the functionalization of lignin-based carbon materials (surface functionality tuning and porosity tailoring) and applications of the lignin-based functional carbon materials in the fields of catalysis, energy storage, and pollutant removal are reviewed. Perspectives on how lignin-based functional materials would develop and especially in which fields the use of these functionalized materials could be expanded are discussed. This review clearly shows that rational designing of the functionalized lignin-based materials will lead to a rich family of hybrid functional carbon materials with various applications toward a green and sustainable future. many persistent organic pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and dioxins) [24][25][26] and particulate matters (e.g., PM 2.5 and PM 10) 27, 28 may form if
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