The time trends regarding the etiology of renal artery stenosis (RAS) are changing, but few investigations have focused on these issues. This study aimed to analyze the time trends regarding the etiology of RAS in a large patient sample from the China Center for Cardiovascular Disease. Consecutive inpatients with RAS from January 1999 to December 2016 were enrolled in this study. The etiologic diagnosis of RAS was based on established criteria. We retrospectively analyzed the time trends regarding the etiology of RAS during an 18-year period. A total of 2905 patients with RAS were enrolled. There were 2393 (82.4%) patients with atherosclerosis (AS), 345 (11.9%) with Takayasu arteritis (TA), 126 (4.3%) with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), and 41 (1.4%) with other causes. Among all patients (n = 2905), patients aged ≤ 40 years (n = 450), patients aged >40 years (n = 2455), female patients (n = 1097), male patients (n = 1808), female patients aged >40 years (n = 808), and male patients aged >40 years (n = 1647), there were a gradual increase in the proportion of atherosclerotic RAS (P < 0.05), a gradual decrease in the proportion of RAS caused by TA (P < 0.05), and almost no change in the proportion of RAS caused by FMD during the 18-year period (P > 0.05). The data show that the primary causes of RAS are AS, TA, and FMD. The proportion of RAS caused by AS and TA gradually increased and decreased, respectively, over time, and the proportion of RAS caused by FMD showed no significant change.

This study showed that AVS via an antecubital approach was safe and feasible, with a high rate of successful sampling.

Renal artery stent combined with optimal medical therapy as a treatment has a beneficial effect on blood pressure control and estimated glomerular filtration rate in selected patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Larger studies with a longer follow-up appear necessary to further confirm these intriguing findings.

Subclavian artery stenting is feasible and safe in patients with CSSS, with a low incidence of perioperative complications and stent restenosis rate. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CAS followed by OHS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with concomitant carotid and cardiac disease within 1-year follow up. The interval between CAS and OHS, congestive heart failure, and renal insufficiency could obviously influence the 1-year results.