BackgroundThe association between gut microbiome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted much attention, but its causality remains unclear and requires more direct evidence.MethodsIn this study, we conducted the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causal association between gut microbiome and COVID-19 based on the summary statistics data of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Over 1.8 million individuals with three COVID-19 phenotypes (severity, hospitalization and infection) were included. And 196 bacterial taxa from phylum to genus were analyzed. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis was chosen as the primary method. Besides, false discovery rate (FDR) correction of p-value was used. To test the robustness of the causal relationships with p-FDR < 0.05, sensitivity analyses including the secondary MR analyses, horizontal pleiotropy test, outliers test, and “leave-one-out” analysis were conducted.ResultsIn the forward MR, we found that 3, 8, and 10 bacterial taxa had suggestive effects on COVID-19 severity, hospitalization and infection, respectively. The genus Alloprevotella [odds ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.32–2.11; p = 1.69×10−5, p-FDR = 2.01×10−3] was causally associated with a higher COVID-19 severity risk. In the reverse MR, COVID-19 severity, hospitalization and infection had suggestive effects on the abundance of 4, 8 and 10 bacterial taxa, respectively. COVID-19 hospitalization causally increased the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes (OR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04–1.22; p = 3.02×10−3; p-FDR = 2.72×10−2). However, secondary MR analyses indicated that the result of COVID-19 hospitalization on the phylum Bacteroidetes required careful consideration.ConclusionOur study revealed the causal association between gut microbiome and COVID-19 and highlighted the role of “gut-lung axis” in the progression of COVID-19.

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Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers with the chemical formulae {[Cu3(Hdpc)2(tib)2·(H2O)2]·2H2O)}n (1, H3dpc = 2,6-di(4-carboxylphenyl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, tib = 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene)) and [Cu(trans-chda)2(bimb)2·2H2O]n (2, H2chda = 1,4-cyclohexane(dicarboxylic)acid, bimb = 1,4-bis((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene) are successfully prepared by the reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O with different O-donor carboxylic acid and N-donor co-ligands under the solvothermal conditions. Furthermore, the treatment effect of the two compounds on the acute pancreatitis is evaluated in the biological experiment. Firstly, RT-PCR is performed to measure the relative expression level of the key genes of E. coli. Moreover, the inflammatory levels of the patients are evaluated by the ELISA detection of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, and TNF-α.