No abstract

We describe quantitatively the advertisement calls of six species of anurans from Bali and the release call of three of these. The advertisement calls of three of the species and the three release calls have not been described previously to the best of our knowledge. This is the first study that describes calls from anurans of the island of Bali. Advertisement call characteristics are discussed in light of withinindividual and between-individual variation. For the three species with previously published accounts of their advertisement calls we compare the data obtained in Bali with other accounts. While Bufo melanostictus did not show a substantial difference in advertisement calls from Coorg (India), the calls of Balinese Fejervarya (Limnonectes) limnocharis show substantial differences with those recorded in Coorg (India). Furthermore, the Balinese recordings of Polypedates leucomystax are similar to recordings obtained by other authors in Negros (Philippines), the Malaysian part of Borneo, and from one of the morphs present in peninsular Malaysia, while being clearly different from recordings of populations from Thailand, Polillo (Philippines), and from the other morph recorded in Malaysia.

No abstract

We address the question of whether female preference exerts selection on male calling energy (souce level). We investigate whether female midwife toads express a preference between advertisement calls that have different source levels but that reach them with similar intensities (due to differences in distance). Females were presented with pairs of recordings of identical synthetic calls, recorded at the same location in the field site, and reaching the microphone at similar sound levels (69 dB peak SPL). Stimulus 'Hi source level' was recorded two meters away from the sound source but emitted with higher sound intensity, and stimulus 'Low source level' was recorded one meter away from the source but emitted with lower source level. We use a protocol of 'playback setpoints' for tests with no a priori expectations. We did not find evidence of female preference for source level in either species. Alytes obstetricans females reversed their choice when differences in intensity were lower, suggesting lower selectivity during the approach phase. We conclude that any selection on male call intensity is unlikely to occur, possibly being severely limited by calling location (male–female distance) and by transmission conditions.

This chapter aims at supporting the institutionalization of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles by focusing in the facilitation of learning to research staff. We highlight the need to identify the learning objectives that want to be achieved by taking into account how researchers shape their ethical perspectives, as many of their behaviours are learned through informal training setups (e.g., supervisors, peers, etc.). This is complemented by reviewing the different approaches that can be applied to achieve the learning goals, and by showcasing existing public resources that can be further explored and tailored to plan specific interventions depending on the nature and needs of each institution.