Aims Euryodendron excelsum, an extremely endangered species of Theaceae, is endemic to China. However, there are few studies on the cause of population structure change of E. excelsum, and its conservation strategy is not perfect. We studied the age structure and dynamics of the E. excelsum population, compared them with the research results in 2007, and analyzed the changes of the E. excelsum population in the last ten years, so as to provide scientific reference for the effective protection and management of the E. excelsum population. Methods Based on field investigation data, the values of parameters such as standard life table, survival curve, killing power and life expectancy curve were established, and the structure status of the E. excelsum population was analyzed as well. The community composition was analyzed using DET's multiple analysis method. Important findings (1) The analysis of population dynamic indices showed that dynamic indices (V pi and V′ pi ) of the wild E. excelsum population were all less than 0. The survival curve of the whole population generally fit a Deevey-III type curve, suggesting a declining population. The number of young individuals was abundant, but impaired development, and hence cannot support the population growth in time. (2) The analysis of survival curve, killing power and life expectancy showed that the sapling, small tree II and middle tree II obstructed the natural population renewal. (3) The Sanjia and Bajia group seedlings of E. excelsum decreased by 39.3% and 71.9%, respectively. The seedling conversion rate of Sanjia group was nearly 1/2 times lower than the Bajia group of E. excelsum. Human interference was the main driver of population decline of E. excelsum. In addition, the conservation strategy that has been implemented is not suitable for the current situation.