Hemoperfusion is an important method to remove endotoxins and save the lives of patients with sepsis. However, the current adsorbents for hemoperfusion have disadvantages of insufficient endotoxin adsorption capacity, poor blood compatibility, and so on. Herein, we proposed a novel emulsion templating (ET) method to prepare ultraporous and double-network carboxylated chitosan (CCS)-poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) hydrogel spheres (ET-CCSPD), bearing both negative and positive charges. CCS was introduced to balance the strong positive charges of PDDA to improve hemocompatibility, and emulsion templates endowed the adsorbent with an ultraporous structure for enhanced adsorption efficacy. The ET-CCSPDs neither damaged blood cells nor activated complement responses. In addition, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was prolonged to 8.5 times, which was beneficial for reducing the injection of anticoagulant in patients. The ET-CCSPDs had excellent scavenging performance against bacteria and endotoxin, with removal ratios of 96.7% for E. coli and 99.8% for S. aureus, respectively, and the static removal ratio of endotoxin in plasma was as high as 99.1% (C 0 = 5.50 EU/mL, critical illness level). An adsorption cartridge filled with the ET-CCSPDs could remove 84.7% of endotoxin within 1 h (C 0 = 100 EU/mL in PBS). Interestingly, the ET-CCSPDs had a good inhibitory effect on the cytokines produced by endotoxin-mediated septic blood. By developing the ET method to prepare ultraporous and double-network adsorbents, the problems of low adsorption efficiency and poor blood compatibility of traditional endotoxin adsorbents have been solved, thus opening a new route to fabricate absorbents for blood purification.

Spiro‐OMeTAD is currently the most widely used hole transport material for the preparation of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), usually requiring the addition of additives to achieve the desired electronic conductivity. However, the quality of the film is degraded owing to the addition of additives. Holes and defects can be observed, and the dispersion of the additives are uneven inside. Here, a copper coordination polymer, Cu‐bix, with matching energy level and fluorescent properties was screened for use as an additional additive to dope Spiro‐OMeTAD. The doping of Cu‐bix effectively improved the dispersion state of the additives in the hole transport layers and alleviated the aggregation of LiTFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) or/and lithium salt complexes in the film. Owing to better dispersion of the additives, Spiro‐OMeTAD was more fully and uniformly oxidized whereas the possibility of charge recombination was reduced in the devices. Furthermore, the flat and tightly bonded film layer obtained by optimization of the doping amount can efficiently transfer holes from the perovskite layers to the hole transport layers. Possible interaction mechanisms between additives and the copper coordination polymer are proposed and discussed. The resulting power conversion efficiency (PCE) for Cu‐bix‐doped PSCs was improved from 16.52 % to 18.47 % compared to the pristine devices, and this type of PSCs also showed a long stability in air owing to the increased hydrophobicity of the Cu‐bix‐based hole transport layers.

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This study estimates the effects of wars on countries and firms. We first show immediate negative effects of wars on economic and financial development as well as legal institutions. Using a crosscountry sample of 93,697 firm-year observations, we further argue and show that (i) wars increase the supply of military directors in corporate boards; and (ii) military directors reduce firm performance as measured by Tobin's Q and return on assets (ROA). We interpret these lingering effects as military directors possessing social capital but lacking business expertise. Our results are robust to a matched sample, a lagged difference model, a dynamic general method of moments model and to the control of country, industry and year fixed effects.