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In this paper, several multiaxial fatigue damage parameters taking into account nonproportional additional hardening are reviewed. According to the way nonproportional additional hardening is considered in the model, the damage parameters are classified into 2 categories: (1) equivalent damage parameters and (2) direct damage parameters. The equivalent damage parameters usually define a nonproportional coefficient to consider nonproportional additional cyclic hardening, and make a combination of this nonproportional coefficient with stress and/or strain quantities to calculate the equivalent damage parameters. In contrast, the direct damage parameters are directly estimated from the stress and strain quantities of interest. The accuracy of 4 multiaxial fatigue damage parameters in predicting fatigue lifetime is checked against about 150 groups of experimental data for 10 different metallic materials under multiaxial fatigue loading. The results revealed that both Itoh's model, one of equivalent damage parameters, and Susmel's model, which belong to direct damage parameters, could provide a better correlation with the experimental results than others assessed in this paper. So direct damage parameters are not better than the equivalent damage parameters in predicting fatigue lifetime.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the approaches to improve the durability and strength of the porous asphalt through laboratory testing. Porous asphalt specimens were prepared using three types of binders: high-viscosity binder (HVB), PG76-22 and PG70-22. Various additives: fibre, hydrated lime and DBS polymer, were utilised in the porous asphalt. Comprehensive laboratory tests, including strength test, binder draindown test, Cantabro abrasion test, moisture susceptibility test, rutting test, thermal stress restrained sample test, and permeability test, were conducted. It is found that HVB significantly improved the overall performance of the porous asphalt; DBS additive improved its high-temperature performance, but lowered the cracking resistance at low temperature as well as the durability; fibre enhanced its durability and anti-cracking performance at low temperature; hydrated lime improved its moisture stability while weakening its durability. It is concluded that HVB and polyester fibre should be used in all porous asphalt; DBS additive is good for porous asphalt in high-temperature areas, and hydrated lime can be added to porous asphalt in rainy areas.