Objective. The convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to improve the accuracy of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in diagnosing moyamoya disease (MMD), providing a new method for clinical diagnosis of MMD. Methods. A total of 40 diagnosed with MMD by DSA in the neurosurgery department of our hospital were included. At the same time, 40 age-matched and sex-matched patients were selected as the control group. The 80 included patients were divided into training set ( n = 56 ) and validation set ( n = 24 ). The DSA image was preprocessed, and the CNN was used to extract features from the preprocessed image. The precision and accuracy of the preprocessed image results were evaluated. Results. There was no significant difference in baseline data between the training set and validation set ( P > 0.05 ). The precision and accuracy of the images before processing were 79.68% and 81.45%, respectively. After image processing, the precision and accuracy of the model are 96.38% and 97.59%, respectively. The area under the curve of the CNN algorithm model was 0.813 (95% CI: 0.718-0.826). Conclusion. This diagnostic method based on CNN performs well in MMD detection.