Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are performed to study electron acceleration in collisionless magnetic reconnection. The process of electron acceleration is investigated by tracing typical electron trajectories. When there is no initial guide field, the electrons can be accelerated in both the X-type and O-type regions. In the X-type region, the electrons can be reflected back and enter the acceleration region several times before they leave the diffusion region. In this way, the electrons can be accelerated by the inductive electric field to high energy. In the O-type region, the trapped electrons can be accelerated when they are trapped in the magnetic island. When there is an initial guide field, the electrons can only be accelerated in the X-type region, and no obvious acceleration is observed in the O-type region. In the X-type region, the electrons are not demagnetized and they gyrate with the force of the guide field. Although no electron reflection is observed in this region, the acceleration efficiency can be enhanced through staying longer time in the diffusion region due to their gyration motion.

Magnetospheric banded chorus is enhanced whistler waves with frequencies ωr<Ωe, where Ωe is the electron cyclotron frequency, and a characteristic spectral gap at ωr≃Ωe/2. This paper uses spacecraft observations and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma to test the hypothesis that banded chorus is due to local linear growth of two branches of the whistler anisotropy instability excited by two distinct, anisotropic electron components of significantly different temperatures. The electron densities and temperatures are derived from Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron instrument measurements on the Van Allen Probes A satellite during a banded chorus event on 1 November 2012. The observations are consistent with a three-component electron model consisting of a cold (a few tens of eV) population, a warm (a few hundred eV) anisotropic population, and a hot (a few keV) anisotropic population. The simulations use plasma and field parameters as measured from the satellite during this event except for two numbers: the anisotropies of the warm and the hot electron components are enhanced over the measured values in order to obtain relatively rapid instability growth. The simulations show that the warm component drives the quasi-electrostatic upper band chorus and that the hot component drives the electromagnetic lower band chorus; the gap at ∼Ωe/2 is a natural consequence of the growth of two whistler modes with different properties.

This work designs a new model called PreMevE to predict storm time distributions of relativistic electrons within Earth's outer radiation belt. This model takes advantage of the cross-energy, cross-L-shell, and cross-pitch angle coherence associated with wave-electron resonant interactions, ingests observations from belt boundaries-mainly by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Operational Environmental Satellite in low-Earth orbit, and provides high-fidelity nowcast (multiple-hour prediction) and forecast (>~1 day) of MeV electron fluxes over L-shells between 2.8 and 7 through linear prediction filters. PreMevE can not only reliably anticipate incoming enhancements of MeV electrons during storms with at least 1-day forewarning time but also accurately specify the evolving event-specific electron spatial distributions afterward. The performance of PreMevE is assessed against long-term in situ data from one Van Allen Probe and a Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous satellite. This new model enhances our preparedness for severe MeV electron events in the future and further adds new science utility to existing and next-generation low-Earth orbit space infrastructure.Plain Language Summary Relativistic electrons in Earth's outer radiation belt present a hazardous radiation environment for spaceborne electronics. These electrons, with energies up to multiple megaelectron-volt (MeV), manifest a highly dynamic and event-specific nature due to the interplay of competing processes. Thus, developing a forecasting model for these electrons has long been a critical but challenging task for space community. Recent studies have demonstrated the vital roles of electron resonance with various wave modes; however, it remains difficult for diffusion radiation belt models to reproduce MeV electron behaviors during geomagnetic storms due to reasons such as large uncertainties in input parameters. This work designs a new model called PreMevE to reliably predict storm time changes of MeV electrons within the whole outer belt. Taking advantage of newly identified coherence caused by wave-electron resonance, this model ingests observations mainly from satellites in low-Earth orbits to provide high-fidelity forecasts. As a first-of-its-kind, PreMevE can not only accurately predict incoming enhancements of MeV electrons with 1-day forewarning time but also reliably specify evolving electron spatial distributions afterward. PreMevE's high performance is assessed against long-term in situ observations. This model enhances our preparedness for future severe MeV electron events and further the science usage of existing and future space infrastructure in low-Earth orbits.

Chorus in the inner magnetosphere has been observed frequently at geomagnetically active times, typically exhibiting a two‐band structure with a quasi‐parallel lower band and an upper band with a broad range of wave normal angles. But recent observations by Van Allen Probes confirm another type of lower band chorus, which has a large wave normal angle close to the resonance cone angle. It has been proposed that these waves could be generated by a low‐energy beam‐like electron component or by temperature anisotropy of keV electrons in the presence of a low‐energy plateau‐like electron component. This paper, however, presents an alternative mechanism for generation of this highly oblique lower band chorus. Through a nonlinear three‐wave resonance, a quasi‐parallel lower band chorus wave can interact with a mildly oblique upper band chorus wave, producing a highly oblique quasi‐electrostatic lower band chorus wave. This theoretical analysis is confirmed by 2‐D electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulations. Furthermore, as the newly generated waves propagate away from the equator, their wave normal angle can further increase and they are able to scatter low‐energy electrons to form a plateau‐like structure in the parallel velocity distribution. The three‐wave resonance mechanism may also explain the generation of quasi‐parallel upper band chorus which has also been observed in the magnetosphere.

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the Earth's inner magnetosphere are enhanced fluctuations driven unstable by ring current ion temperature anisotropy. EMIC waves can resonate with relativistic electrons and play an important role in precipitation of MeV radiation belt electrons. In this paper, we investigate the excitation and saturation of EMIC instability in a homogeneous plasma using both linear theory and nonlinear hybrid simulations. We have explored a four‐dimensional parameter space, carried out a large number of simulations, and derived a scaling formula that relates the saturation EMIC wave amplitude to initial plasma conditions. Such scaling can be used in conjunction with ring current models like ring current‐atmosphere interactions model with self‐consistent magnetic field to provide global dynamic EMIC wave maps that will be more accurate inputs for radiation belt modeling than statistical models.