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Multi-parameter control of light is a key functionality to modulate optical signals in photonic integrated circuits for various applications. However, the traditional optical modulators can only control one or two properties of light at the same time. Herein, we propose a hybrid structure which can modulate the amplitude, wavelength and phase of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) simultaneously to overcome these limitations. The numerical results show that when the Fermi level of graphene changes from 0.3 to 0.9 eV, the variation of optical transmission, wavelength and phase are 32.7 dB, 428 nm and 306°, respectively. The demonstrated structure triggers an approach for the realization of ultracompact modulation and has potential applications in the fields of optical switches, communications and photo-detection.

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To keep pace with the demands in optical communications, electro-optic modulators should feature a high extinction ratio, offer a small footprint, and allow for practical detection. Herein, we demonstrate a compact plasmon modulator with a high extinction ratio where a compact modulation region composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) is embedded to the arms of the Mach–Zehnder (M–Z) interferometer. The modulator has a footprint of 20 µ m × 12 µ m with a modulation region of 4 µ m × 0.5 µ m . The numerical results show that the extinction ratio is 15.2 dB when the electron concentration of ITO is changed 4 × 10 20 c m − 3 . This type of modulator paves the way for future compact optoelectronic integration and has potential application in the fields of optical communication, photodetection, and sensing.