Scientific interest in nanotechnology is driven by the unique and novel properties of nanometer-sized metallic materials such as the strong interaction between the conductive electrons of the nanoparticles and the incident light, caused by localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). In this article, we analysed the relationship of the Rayleigh scattering properties of a single Au nanoparticle with its size, shape, and local dielectric environment. We also provided a detailed study on the refractive index sensitivity of three types of differently shaped Au nanoparticles, which were nanospheres, oval-shaped nanoparticles and nanorods. This study helps one to differentiate the Rayleigh light scattering from individual nanoparticles of different sizes and/or shapes and precisely obtain quantitative data as well as the correlated optical spectra of single gold nanoparticles from the inherently inhomogeneous solution of nanoparticles. These results suggest that the shape, size and aspect ratio of Au nanoparticles are important structural factors in determining the resonant Rayleigh light scattering properties of a single Au nanoparticle such as its spectral peak position, scattering-cross-section and refractive index sensitivity, which gives a handle for the choice of gold nanoparticles for the design and fabrication of single nanosensors.

Precise control over the structure of metal nanomaterials is important for developing advanced nanobiotechnology. Assembly methods of nanoparticles into structured blocks have been widely demonstrated recently. However, synthesis of nanocrystals with controlled, three-dimensional structures remains challenging. Here we show a directed crystallization of gold by a single DNA molecular regulator in a sequence-independent manner and its applications in three-dimensional topological controls of crystalline nanostructures. We anchor DNA onto gold nanoseed with various alignments to form gold nanocrystals with defined topologies. Some topologies are asymmetric including pushpin-, star- and biconcave disk-like structures, as well as more complex jellyfish- and flower-like structures. The approach of employing DNA enables the solution-based synthesis of nanocrystals with controlled, three-dimensional structures in a desired direction, and expands the current tools available for designing and synthesizing feature-rich nanomaterials for future translational biotechnology.

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Consensus ranking of protein affinity to identify point mutations has not been established. Therefore, analytical techniques that can detect subtle variations without interfering with native biomolecular interactions are required. Here we report a rapid method to identify point mutations by a single nanoparticle sensing system. DNA-directed gold crystallization forms rod-like nanoparticles with bridges based on structural design. The nanoparticles enhance Rayleigh light scattering, achieving high refractive-index sensitivity, and enable the system to monitor even a small number of protein-DNA binding events without interference. Analysis of the binding affinity can compile an atlas to distinguish the potential of various point mutations recognized by MutS protein. We use the atlas to analyze the presence and type of single point mutations in BRCA1 from samples of human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. The strategy of synthesis-by-design of plasmonic nanoparticles for sensors enables direct identification of subtle biomolecular binding distortions and genetic alterations.

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