Besides the mentioned processes, palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of alkynols represents another powerful methodology for the preparation of lactones. As early as in 1994, Gabriele and co-workers presented a PdI 2 /KI-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of α-substituted hydroxyalkynes to four-membered lactones in good yields under mild conditions. Later on, they extended this methodology to but-3-yn-1-ols for the synthesis of five-membered lactones (Scheme 4a). 13 Scheme 1. Selected Examples of Heterocyclic Drugs Scheme 2. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Lactones Scheme 3. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Lactones from Alkenyloxiranes Scheme 4. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Lactones from Alkynols Chemical Reviews Review dx.

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling reactions of aromatic halides and related compounds have undergone a rapid development during recent years. Nowadays, a plethora of palladium catalysts are available for the synthesis of ketones, alkynones, chalcones, etc., which are important intermediates in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other industrial products. In this critical review, we summarize the development of these carbonylative transformations with carbon nucleophiles (136 references).

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Carbon monoxide is one of the most important C1 molecules in organic chemistry. Many novel procedures for its conversion have been developed, and some have even been industrialized. In this review, we discuss and categorize CO chemistry into four classes: (1) transition-metal-mediated carbonylation, (2) strong-acid-initiated cationic carbonylation, (3) anionic carbonylation, and (4) free-radical carbonylation. Relevant achievements are selected and discussed in detail.