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In the present study, genome-wide CNVs were detected in a total of 301 samples from 10 Chinese indigenous horse breeds using the Illumina Equine SNP70 Bead Array, and the candidate genes related to adaptability to high temperature and humidity in Jinjiang horses were identified and validated. We determined a total of 577 CNVs ranging in size from 1.06 Kb to 2023.07 Kb on the 31 pairs of autosomes. By aggregating the overlapping CNVs for each breed, a total of 495 CNVRs were detected in the 10 Chinese horse breeds. As many as 211 breed-specific CNVRs were determined, of which 64 were found in the Jinjiang horse population. By removing repetitive CNV regions between breeds, a total of 239 CNVRs were identified in the Chinese indigenous horse breeds including 102 losses, 133 gains and 4 of both events (losses and gains in the same region), in which 131 CNVRs were novel and only detected in the present study compared with previous studies. The total detected CNVR length was 41.74 Mb, accounting for 1.83% of the total length of equine autosomal chromosomes. The coverage of CNVRs on each chromosome varied from 0.47% to 15.68%, with the highest coverage on ECA 12, but the highest number of CNVRs was detected on ECA1 and ECA24. A total of 229 genes overlapping with CNVRs were detected in the Jinjiang horse population, which is an indigenous horse breed unique to the southeastern coast of China exhibiting adaptability to high temperature and humidity. The functional annotation of these genes showed significant relation to cellular heat acclimation and immunity. The expression levels of the candidate genes were validated by heat shock treatment of various durations on fibroblasts of horses. The results show that the expression levels of HSPA1A were significantly increased among the different heat shock durations. The expression level of NFKBIA and SOCS4 declined from the beginning of heat shock to 2 h after heat shock and then showed a gradual increase until it reached the highest value at 6 h and 10 h of heat shock, respectively. Breed-specific CNVRs of Chinese indigenous horse breeds were revealed in the present study, and the results facilitate mapping CNVs on the whole genome and also provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to high temperature and humidity in the Jinjiang horse.

In this paper, a novel wideband slotline antenna with high gain characteristic is presented by using a multi-mode radiator under the circumstance of the optimized ground plane. The proposed antenna is analyzed from a traditional slot antenna with one full-wavelength radiation mode. Subsequently, two pairs of slot stubs are symmetrically loaded along the arms of the initial antenna near the nulls of the magnetic current of the full-wavelength radiation mode. By suitably choosing the lengths of the loaded stubs, extra two radiation modes can be introduced and merged with the full-wavelength one, resulting in a wide impedance bandwidth with three resonances. Finally, the size of the ground plane and locations of stubs are investigated to suppress the sidelobes and ensure high gain within the impedance bandwidth. For validation, a prototype antenna is fabricated and its electrical performances are measured. The experimental results show that the operating fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the proposed antenna can be effectively increased to 40.8% while keeping the inherent narrow slot structure. Besides, the measured average peak gain and its corresponding ripple within the impedance bandwidth are 6.2 dBi and 1.1 dB, respectively, and the radiation patterns are maintained constant. Compared with the reported works, the proposed design can allow a slotline antenna to achieve high gain and constant radiation patterns in a wide bandwidth simultaneously. INDEX TERMS High gain, multi-mode radiator, slotline antenna, wideband antenna. GUAN-LONG HUANG (M'11-SM'18) received the B.E. degree in electronic information engineering from the