Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the predominant mycotoxin that originated toxicity in broilers through oxidative damage, intestinal barrier dysfunction, reduced immune system and dysfunction of microorganisms and enzymes in target organs. The intestine is the first AFB 1 target organ destroyed after the bird's body is induced. This review summarises the current knowledge of the negative results of AFB 1 -induced intestinal damage on broiler production. It was conducted in accordance with the relevant studies in the cited literatures being retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Web of Science. First, AFB 1 can change the intestinal barrier function by destroying the intestinal architecture, tissue and cell integrity of the gut epithelium. Second, AFB 1 can damage the immune barrier function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Third, the microbiota of birds interacts closely with the ingested aflatoxin. Finally, because broilers are tremendously sensitive to AFB 1 contamination, the poisonous and noxious effects of this mycotoxin in the broiler industry cause millions of dollars in losses every year. This review briefly discussed that the AFB 1 , which affects the intestines of broiler chickens, was reduced the immune apparatus, antioxidant protection system, gastric system, and broiler production status and its impact on human health. Therefore, this review will improve our perception of the important intestine in a bird's health and the adverse effect of AFB 1 .

Based on boundary surface elastoplastic theory, a boundary surface elastoplastic constitutive model is established which is considered both structural property and rheological behavior of soft clay with the method of taking Cam-Clay yield surface as boundary surface. The structural parameters are introduced to calculate structure-damage strain. Plastic volumetric strain is regarded as a function timetso that a rheological parameter is introduced. The constitutive model is validated by numerical analysis of triaxial rheological tests.

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