In a cyber-physical power system, active distribution network (ADN) facilitates the energy control through hierarchical and distributed control system (HDCS). Various researches have dedicated to develop the control strategies of primary devices of ADN. However, an ADN demonstration project shows that the information transmission of HDCS may cause time delay and response lag, and little model can describe both the ADN primary device and HDCS as a cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, a hybrid system based CPS model is proposed to describe ADN primary devices, control information flow, and HDCS. Using the CPS model, the energy process of primary devices and the information process of HDCS are optimized by model predictive control (MPC) methodology to seamlessly integrate the energy flow and the information flow. The case study demonstrates that the proposed CPS model can accurately reflect main features of HDCS, and the control technique can effectively achieve the operation targets on primary devices despite the fact that HDCS brings adverse effects to control process. Index Terms-Active distribution network (ADN), cyber-physical system (CPS), hybrid system, hierarchical and distributed control system.

With the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, CAD technology is widely used in the field of engineering technology, and various design software in different fields are constantly being introduced. Based on the analysis of the pile foundation design steps and key calculations in the design, this paper adopts the method of parametric design and drawing. The calculation results show that the foundation pile will not buckle under the vertical design load of the pile top, and the stability of the bridge foundation pile meets the design requirements. Subsequent inspection results showed that all indicators of the bridge pile foundation and superstructure met the requirements, and the bridge was operating well and no safety hazards were seen. The analysis of the influencing factors of the engineering example shows that there is a critical pier height for the pile-column bridge foundation pile in the steep slope section, which is related to the depth of the foundation pile; The depth ratio should not exceed 0.5. With the increase of the elastic modulus E of the pile, the critical buckling load of the foundation pile gradually increases, while the length of the calculated stability pile gradually decreases. With the increase of the pile diameter, the critical pier height value of the pile gradually decreases, and the ratio of the height of the pier to the depth of the foundation pile decreases with the increase of the pile diameter. When designing the foundation pile of a type bridge, a reasonable and effective selection of the diameter of the foundation pile plays an important role in improving its buckling stability.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract