Reinforcing the carrier separation is the key issue to maximize the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) efficiency of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C N ). By a surface engineering of gradual doping of graphited carbon rings within g-C N , suitable energy band structures and built-in electric fields are established. Photoinduced electrons and holes are impelled into diverse directions, leading to a 21-fold improvement in the PHE rate.
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